HomeMy WebLinkAboutOES 17-02
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REPORT TO COUNCIL
FROM:
Richard W. Holborn, P. Eng.
Division Head
Municipal Property & Engineering
DATE: Apri116,2002
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REPORT NUMBER: OES 017-02
SUBJECT:
Durham Region West Nile Virus Response Plan
Final Draft December 2001
RECOMMENDATION:
1.
That Report OES 017-02 from the Division Head, Municipal Property & Engineering be
received
2.
That the Durham Region West Nile Virus Response Plan be received for infonnation and
the Region of Durham be so advised
3.
That the City of Pickering, Operations & Emergency Services Department appoint a staff
representative to the Durham Region West Nile Virus Preparedness Committee
4.
That Durham Region be advised that the City of Pickering considers the surveillance,
control and prevention aspects of West Nile Virus to be the responsibility of the Region
of Durham's Health Department, and that a Regional response program is the most
effective means to ensure a consistent approach throughout the Region
....
ORIGIN:
Letter from Dr. Robert Kyle, Commissioner & Medical Officer of Health, Durham Region dated
December 20,2001
AUTHORITY:
N/A
FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS:
....
The costs associated with staff representation of the Durham Region West Nile Virus
Preparedness Committee and efforts required to report dead sentinel birds are not significant and
are of minimal concern. However, the Plan suggests that area municipalities identify and map
mosquito breeding sites on municipal property of which in Pickering's case, the resources are not
available. The plan also requires area municipalities to implement and administer mosquito
abatement programs for source reduction and vector control and implement public education on
mosquito abatement activities depending on the response category level. The costs associated
with these activities are unknown and funds are not budgeted for such activities.
City of Pickering staff are of the opinion that these costs are to be incurred and funded by higher
levels of government such as the Region, Province or Federal government.
Report to Council DES 017-02
Date: April 16, 2002
O~i
Subject: Durham Region West Nile Virus Response Plan
Final Draft December 2001
Page 2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
N/A
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BACKGROUND:
West Nile Virus (WNV) causes a viral disease and is spread to humans by mosquitoes. The
majority of individuals infected have mild or no symptoms, however, the case-fatality rate can be
as high as 15 per cent in hospitalized cases. The elderly, those with chronic medical conditions
and immunocompromised individuals are most severely affected by WNV. Young children have
also been affected in outbreaks outside of North America.
WNV was first identified in the Western Hemisphere in New York City in 1999. If and when
WNV will affect humans in Ontario is uncertain. A factor that may increase the risk to humans
is the density of virus in non-human species (i.e., birds, mosquitoes, and horses).
On August 22, 2001, the first WNV positive birds were identified in Windsor and Oakville,
Ontario. The first positive bird in Durham Region was submitted on August 29,2001. In 2001,
5 WNV positive birds were confirmed in Durham Region, all in the Town of Whitby. In
Ontario, the 2001 surveillance yielded about 121 positive birds in 12 health units and positive
mosquito findings in Peel Region and Windsor. The affected health units cluster in
Southwestern Ontario with Durham Region the most easterly affected health unit. It is certainly
possible that there could be human cases of WNV in the summer of 2002.
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In response to the above, the Region of Durham's Health Department has put together a Durham
Region West Nile Virus Preparedness Committee to discuss the progress of the presence of West
Nile Virus in the Region of Durham, develop a response plan, and clarify roles and
responsibilities ofthe Region of Durham and the area municipalities.
On May 23, 2001, the Regional Council directed the Committee to prepare a response plan. A
Final Draft, December 2001 is attached to this report and the Region of Durham has asked
municipalities to review it and bring it to the attention of area municipal councils for approval.
The plan defines the roles of both the Region and area municipalities with respect to West Nile
Virus surveillance, control and prevention. Generally speaking, the expectation is that the
Region shall take a lead role in West Nile Virus surveillance and communication, and the area
municipalities will take a lead role in source reduction and vector control activities. It is
expected that the Province and Region would provide medical, legal and technical support.
It is the opinion of Pickering staff that downloading responsibilities of source reduction and
vector control through mosquito abatement (larvacide or adulticide) is premature and
unacceptable. This disease, and the control of it, is purely a medical issue and health issue, to be
dealt with on a consistent larger scale by the Region and the Provincial and Federal governments.
Area municipalities should cooperate and assist where possible and practical, but not be required
to control or fund any activities. Most, if not all municipalities on the committee either through
their councilor through staff are voicing a similar response.
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The Durham Region West Nile Virus Response Plan attached to this report, should be received
for information. The City of Pickering should maintain active membership on the Durham
Region West Nile Virus Preparedness Committee to act as a liason between the Region and the
City and report matters of significance to City Council. The City of Pickering shall continue to
cooperate with the reporting of dead sentinal birds as it did in 2001. The Region of Durham
should be advised that it is premature for the City of Pickering to take on additional roles and
responsibilities as outlined in the response plan and that the City is not prepared to fund
mosquito abatement programs.
Report to Council DES 017-02
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Subject: Durham Region West Nile Virus Response Plan
Final Draft December 2001
Date: Apri116, 2002
Page 3
ATTACHMENTS:
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1.
2.
Letter from Dr. Robert Kyle
Durham Region West Nile Virus Response Plan
Prepared By:
Approved / Endorsed By:
m, P. Eng Everett Buntsma
unicipal Property & Engineering Director, Operations & Emergency Services
I: OUNCIL\OES-OI7-02.docApr-O2
Attachments
Copy: Chief Administrative Officer
City Clerk
Recommended for the consideration of Pickering ,
City Council
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"Mr.TomQuinrí' " ,
Chief Administrative Officer, ,: -,
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,'~~~1~MENT: ," ',Asd¡¡'èct~q)y theR~gIOn~tC~iJnCil'QriMay 23."'20å1~ On:,b~h~lf'Of'the' Durharry'
" ',' ,,' , Re'gionWè$f Nile: Virus Prøpàredri~~s Co.rn,mittee'(D~\NNVPC)..J.am plêci,s$d'to , ,
, 'forward to 'you the' 'final draft of the' Durham .Region, '\Nest Nile Virus Response'
Plan; fwouldappreciate,ïtifYQUr municipality would, r~VieVlth:e'plän aDd -bring, if
, to',th.,~,'áttenUòp' oryoU( Co,unci,J ~?r',a'pprovélL ':;', ", ':,,' , " , , '" ' ,," " "
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As you:can see"thepurj:>ose' of the plariï~dö define'thê'r~spective 'roles òfthè:
, RegiOn, of :Dur~ari1 and the. :area.' municip~iities \.ÿith ,'resþect to., ~eSt Mie Virus "',..
(W,NV) surveillance, contr,QI and Þrevèlitiçm.,lri genera,l, the plan ,erivisage.~that"', '
"'" the t{egioi1 $hällli3ad 'WNVsÚrveillance and commÜriic~ti6ns"aétlvitiesändthe':' "
, arear:nunicipé;llítie~ shall lead sourcereduc:tiori ,and veGtor GoritrO¡' aøtivit¡es~ As' , ' ' :'
, reg~rds th~s~' '~tfer activities'; the Region and ,the RrQvince shall provide' medical" ,,'
, l~gal and:,other,-technicai support ~s-.r~quire~,;,Moreover,' apprOpriate refen:3nce,,' ': '
, ,1}I~tericds'~ùch as Health ,Canada's: Múniçipgl Mosquito ,Gàntroj Gl1idè!ínes shall:" ,
, ',' 'gUide these activit¡es~, "TO' Cóordioate the,se, activities ~nd share j(1fqrmation, 'it is ',' '
propdsed ,that. a : Dprham Region West ':NHê yir.u$. Response' Compiittee.similar .ìn
nature ,to, the, DRWNVPC; be "strLIck. ~'The',;Røgibnis,Commissibnèr"&, Medica"
" Officer' :Çlf Health f;1[ ,hiS designate is prepared."lo chair tile Commitlee:ånd the:.'
. Region ~i~t wiJHl1g tó.sPÓf1SÖ~'t~e. .C?rnmit~ee~ ',' :', <> ,'~"'," ' ,',': ,:' ,,',
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" ,'Ii) clos¡ög,"afteryour: Coui1cilj~ascpnsidered ¡the plan, plea$e forward Its decision' "
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'..' , and the ',' accompanying' statf "report, inèludingsuggeslions Jor' improvemènt.. to "
, . ,Annettè Laferriere(amiette.laferfÌere@recion:durhátri.cín.ca). ' After we'J1ave:received
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sstafftepörtprepåred fcirthe.consideration óf th'e RegibtiaICounciLF".inaIlY, many, ,
'thanks' for ä'ppoirtting- ,8' reþ¡'ê~èntativè,fÒr:the. ÖRYVNVPÒ",Pr~paratioQ of the_,'
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ATTACHMENT#~ TO REPORT#~9.ÉS 011-02-
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DURHAM REGION WEST NILE VIRUS
RESPONSE PLAN
FINAL DRAFT
DECEMBER 2001
Prepared by:
. Durham Region West Nile Virus
Preparedness Committee
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ATTACHMENT#L TO REPORT # ()fi:5 ot7-tJ2-
2.1 (, 7 "
DURHAM REGION
WEST NILE VIRUS.RESPONSE PLAN
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Final Draft
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1.0 GENERAL
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1.1. Background
1.1.1.West Nile Virus (WNV) causes a viral disease and is spread to humans by
mosquitoes. The majority of individuals infected have mild or no symptoms,
however, the case-fatality rate can be as high as 15 per cent in hospitalized cases.
The elderly, those with chronic medical conditions and immunocompromised
individuals are most severely affected by WNV. Young children have also been
affected in outbreaks outside of North America.
WNV was first identified in the Western Hemisphere in New York City in 1999. If
and when WNV will affect humans in Ontario is uncertain. A factor that may
increase the risk to humans is the density of virus in non-human species (Le., birds,
mosquitoes, and horses).
1.1.2.0n August 22, 2001, the first WNV positive birds were identified in Windsor and
Oakville, Ontario. The first positive bird in Durham Region was submitted on
August 29, 2001. In 2001, 5 WNV positive birds were confirmed in Durham Region,
all in the Town of Whitby. In Ontario, the 2001 surveillance yielded about 121
positive birds in 12 health units and positive mosquito findings in Peel Region. and
Windsor. The affected health units cluster in Southwestern Ontario with Durham
Region the most easterly affected health unit. It is certainly possible that there
could be human cases of WNV in the summer of 2002.
1.2. Aim
1.2.1. The aim of this plan is to ensure that there is an effective response to the presence
of WNV in the Region. '
1.3. Objectives
1.3.1. The objectives of the response plan are:
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to limit the impact of WNV on human health
to reduce the availability of mosquito breeding grounds
to educate the public about personal protective measures
to provide timely, authoritative information on WNV to health professionals, the
public and the" media
to employ the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to reduce the
risk that mosquitoes could pose to humans. .
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1.4. Scope
1.4.1.This plan outlines the coordinated actions to be taken for the protection of the life
and health of the citizens of the Region due to WNV.
1.4.2.This plan applies to Durham Region Health and Works Departments and the local
area municipalities.
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, ATTACHMENT#_~>zJí1,REPORT#_.9Ë5 on-o2..-
Durham Region West Nile Virus Response plãij(Ppfnal Draft ..
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1.5. Legal Powers
1.5.1.The Associate/Medical Officer of Health under the Health Protection and Promotion
Act (HPPA), RS.O. 1990, have the authority to control communicable diseases and
the power to identify, reduce or eliminate health hazards. In addition, public health
inspectors also have the authority to identify, reduce or eliminate health hazards.
1.5.2.The Regional Chair, under the Emergency Plans Act, R.S.O. 1990, may declare
that an emergency exists in the Region or any part thereof and may take action and
make orders as he considers necessary to protect the property and the health,
safety and welfare of the citizens.
1.5.3.Every municipal council may pass such by-laws and make such regulations for the
health, safety, morality and welfare of the inhabitants of the municipality in matters
not specifically provided for in the Municipal Act
2.0 REGIONAL PLANNING BASIS
2.1. Regional Risk Assessment
2.1.1. To understand the magnitude of the problem and to develop response plans,
estimates of the potential impaCt of WNV entering Durham Region need to be
made. No one can accurately predict when the first human case of WNV will occur,
nor can one accurately forecast who will become ill and suffer adverse health
outcomes. However, the statistics in recent outbreaks can be used to estimate
impacts. Since 1994, WNV appears to have increased in virulence. This is
demonstrated by an increased number of outbreaks, an increase in the
number/severity of human cases, and an increase in avian mortality with human
outbreaks (see Appendix A for a list of recent WNV outbreaks reported worldwide).
2.1.2.ln the United States, the number of serious human cases has remained low relative
to the population. In 1999 there were 61 cases in New York City. In 2000 there
were 21 cases in3 states and in 2001, there were approximately 54 cases in 9
states. Data for the first 2 years demonstrates a case fatality rate of 10 to 11 % for
hospitalized cases.
It is well known that only a minority of humans who are infected with WNV develop
symptoms. An estimate of less than 1 % who are infected will develop severe
symptoms.
Currently there is no human vaccine against WNV and no specific treatment.
The use of Integrated Pest Management to reduce the availability of mosquito
breeding sites will reduce the risk mosquitoes could pose to humans.
2.2. Regional Planning Basis
2.2.1.Human cases of WNV may affect all of Durham Region and Ontario. For planning
purposes, it is assumed that:
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other than providing consultative services. (and laboratory testing of
specimens), there will be little or no direct financial assistance from the
Province of Ontario or Health Canada.
little or no direct assistance will be provided by neighbouring municipalities, the
Province or Health Canada.
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ArTACHMENT# .2J¡J/(JJ\I::PUR"I 1t DES 017-02-
Durham Region West Nile Virus Respo~~ l Final Draft ~._-
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. the Region of Durham and the area municipalities must plan to respond to the
presence of WNV on their own, using their own resources.
3.0 REGIONAL RESPONSE ORGANIZATION
3.1. General
3.1.1. For outbreaks of disease and management of cases and contacts the Durham
Region Health Department (DRHD) responds through the provision of trained
personnel in the Environmental Health and Public Health Nursing and Nutrition
Divisions.
3.1.2.Under the authority of Regional Council, the DRHD has coordinated a Durham
Region West Nile Virus Preparedness Committee (DRWNVPC). This Committee is
comprised of Regional, municipal, conservation authority and public
representatives. This Committee has developed the West Nile Virus Response
Plan. The terms of reference for this committee as well as membership are listed in
Appendices B 1 and B2.
3.1.3.A Durham Region West Nile Virus Response Committee (DRWNVRC) comprised
of Regional, municipal and conservation authority representatives shall be
established to co-ordinate WNV response activities in Durham Region. The
DRWNVRC shall be sponsored by the DRHD.
3.1.4.The DRHD shall lead the communication of information on WNV to the public,
health professionals and Regional/municipal/conservation authority/district school
board staff. The Associate/Medical Officer of Health shall be the lead
spokesperson on WNV. The DRHD shall be assisted in it's communications by the
area municipalities, conservation authorities and district school boards.
3.2. Departmental Operations
3.2.1.The DRHD shall:
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coordinate sentinel bird surveillance
conduct adult mosquito surveillance
investigate human cases of WNV and report to the Ontario Ministry of Health
and Long-Term Care (MOHL TC)
maintain an inventory of the municipal maps identifying mosquito breeding sites
sponsor meetings of the DRWNVRC
provide advice, guidance or direction to the area municipalities on mosquito
abatement
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The Durham Region Works Department (DRWD) shall:
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produce an inventory of areas of stagnant water on Regional property
reduce or eliminate mosquito breeding sites on Regional property
administer and implement a mosquito larvaciding or adulticiding progràm on
mosquito. breeding sites on Regional property as required
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The Durham District School Board, the Durham Catholic District School Board, the
Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board and the Peterborough-Victoria-
Northumberland-Clarington Catholic District School Board shall:
A>rrACHNENr# lJ.~,!V ¡,,¡:n.j/\! t+.JjfiS OI7-QL
. Durham Region West Nile Virus Respçmse PI ¡la' Draft
Page 4
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reduce or eliminate mosquito breeding sites on school board property where
appropriate .
3.3. Municipal Operations.
3.3.1.The area municipalities shall:
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report dead sentinel birds to the DRHD
identify and map potential mosquito breeding sites on municipal property
have representation on the DRWNVRC
administer and implement a mosquito abatement program in accordance with
Health Canada's Municipal Mosquito Control Guidelines (see Appendix C).
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4.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
4.1. Notification
4.1.1. The DRHD shall notify other Regional departments, area municipalities,
conservation authorities, district school boards and the health community.
4.1.2.1nformation on WNV may come from many sources including the MOHL TC and
Health Canada.
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4.1.3.Levels: There are four levels or response categories in Durham Region for WNV:
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Level 1. WNV Warning: No evidence of WNV in Durham Region but activity
possible or probable. '..
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Level 2.. WNV Sentinel Alert:'Confirmed presence of WNV in sentinel species
in neighbouring health units
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Level 3. WNV Sentinel Confirmed: Confirmed presence of WNV in sentinel
species in Durham Region
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Level 4. WNV Case Confirmed: One or more confirmed human cases of WNV
in Durham Region.
4.1.4.Notification Procedures
The MOH or his designate shall contact DRWD and the municipalities and
. advise which level of notification should be implemented.
The DRHD shall notify the Regional Chair, Health & Social Services Committee
and C.A.O., as required to update significant changes in the level of response.
The DRHD shall be responsible for notifying the health care providers and for
issuing media release(s) to the general population.
4.2. Response Actions
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4.2.1.Actions to be undertaken at each level of notification are outlined below:
4.2.2.LEVEL 1: "WNV Warning" . No evidence of WNV in Durham Region but activity is
possible or probable.
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ATTACHMENT #,-2..,," TO REPORT # ~ 617-:62..
Durham Region West Nile Virus Response la - Final Draft
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A) Surveillance - Dead Birds:
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The DRHDshall:
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collect and submit sentinel birds to the Canadian Co-operative Wildlife
Health Centre for WNV analysis
record reported sightings of dead sentinel birds. and forward the report
forms to the Canadian Co-operative Wildlife Health Centre.
develop protocols for the sentinel bird sightings and the collection of dead
birds reported by the public (these protocols will be based upon Health
Canada and MOH&L TC documents.)
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The area municipalities shall:
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report any dead sentinel birds found on municipal land
store any dead sentinel birds that the public may bring in at their animal
control centres and inform the DRHD to arrange for submission for WNV
analysis
respond to public reports of ill sentinel birds and possibly euthanize birds
for WNV testing as necessary.
refer calls about dead sentinel birds to the DRHD
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Surveillance - Mosquitoes:
The DRHD shall:
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distribute educational material on WNV, mosquito breeding and stagnant
water to property owners in response' to public complaints' regarding
stagnant water on private and public property
refer complaints regarding stagnant water on private property to
municipalities.
collect maps of municipal and regional mosquito breeding sites
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The area municipalities shall:
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identify potential mosquito breeding sites, and create an inventory of these
along with specification of size, location, drainage and ownership
provide the DRHD with a map of potential mosquito breeding grounds
within their jurisdiction.
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B) Source Reduction:
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The DRHD shall:
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provide educational materials to the public on how to eliminate and avoid
creating mosquito breeding sites on their properties in order to reduce the
risk of exposure to WNV .
encourage Regional and municipal departments to eliminate potential
mosquito breeding sites using fact sheets and information exchange at
meetings of the West Nile Virus Response Committee
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The area municipalities shall:
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eliminate/remediate mosquito breedin~ sites on municipal property
J l~nACrttvìtNI#..J2i ..OjŒPOKf# QI:"") VI ¡-U,-
Durham Region West Nile Virus Respons11~n - Final Draft .
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The DRWD shall:
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eliminate/remediate mosquito breeding sites on Regional property
C) Vector Control:
The DRHD shall:
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gather information and resources on mosquito abatement
The area municipalities shall:
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prepare for mosquito abatement
D) Communication/Education:
The DRHD shall:
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enhance and maintain Information on WNV on the Region's web site
inform the public through media relëases
develop fact sheets for distribution throughout the Region
ensure that information on WNV is included in various Regional
publications
respond to public inquiries
provide clinical information on WNV to the health professionals and the
health community
make presentations on WNV upon request
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4.2.3.LEVEL 2: "WNV Sentinel Alert" - Confirmed presence of WNV in neighbouring
health units.
As in Level 1 plus:
A) Surveillance:
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The DRHD shall:
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remind hospitals and infection control practitioners of the human WNV
surveillance protocol
remind the public via a media release of the importance of reporting dead
sentinel birds to the DRHD and keep .them up-to-date re: WNV in Ontario
implement mosquito surveillance'
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B) Source Reduction:
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The DRHD shall:
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enhance information (if appropriate) on source reduction in areas adjacent
to where positive birds were found via media release
provide information upon request regarding source reduction
assist the area municipalities in mosquito abatement
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The area municipalities shall:
. . review and, where appropriate, implement mosquito abatement activities
ATIACHMENT#,~_ro REPORJ#,.Q~~ ol7..o¿.
Durham Region West Nile Virus ResPO~St Plan - Final Drafi
IT (;1
C) Vector Control:
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The area municipalities shall:
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review and, where appropriate, implement mosquito abatement activities
D) Communication/Education:
The DRHD shall:
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enhance public education focusing on personal protective measures and
source reduction around the home
enhance outreach to health professionals and the health community
including a focus on human WNV surveillance
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The area municipalities shall:
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prepare and distribute information on vector control options
4.2.4.LEVEL 3 "WNV Sentinel Confirmed": Confirmed presence of WNV in sentinel
species in Durham Region
As in Level 2 plus:
A) Surveillance:
The DRHD shall:
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enhance adult-mosquito surveillance within a 5 km radius around the site
where a WNV positive bird was found.
The area municipalities shall:
.
begin mosquito larvae surveys in potential mosquito breeding sites in the
Spring of 2002 when weather conditions are favourable to the development
of mosquito larvae (see Appendix C)
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B) Source Reduction:
The area municipalities shall:
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promote elimination of mosquito breeding sites, particularly within a 5 km
radius where a positive WNV bird was found.
C) Vector Control:
The area municipalities shall:
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implement mosquito abatement activities in consultation with the
Associate/Medical Officer of Health and in accordance with applicç¡ble
legislation
begin mosquito larval surveys and map potential larval breeding sites when
favourablè weather conditions exist
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Durham Region West Nile Virus Response Plan - Final Draft
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D) Communication/Education:
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The DRHD shall:
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increase distribution of WNV information to the public
The area municipalities shall:
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increase public education about mosquito abatement activities in
accordance with applicable legislation
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4.2.5.Level 4: "WNV Case Confirmed"- A confirmed case of human WNV in Durham
Region
As in Level 3, plus:
A) Surveillance:
The area municipalities shall:
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evaluate the effectiveness of mosquito abatement activities
B) Source Reduction:
The area municipalities shall:
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implement mosquito abatement activities in consultation with the
Associate/Medical Officer of Health
C) Vector Control:
The DRHD shall:
.
implement mosquito abatement activities in consultation with the
Associate/Medical Officer of Health
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D) Communication/Education:
The DRHD shall:
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alert the public about a human case(s) of WNV and emphasize personal
protection and early detection of human WNV messages
alert health professionals and the health community about a human'
case(s) ofWNV
enhance meetings of the DRWNVRC to exchange human health and
mosquito abatement information
.
.
The area municipalities shall:
.
continue to education the public about mosquito abatement activities
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ATT¡K}'n'lENT#,_~~,TO REPORT#~ 017-02
'1~7
Appendix "A"
Recent WNV Outbreak Summary
Algeria
Romania
-
Morocco
Tunisia
Italy
Israel
France
Russia
USA
USA
USA
-
-
1~
-~
1994; 60 human cases, 8 deaths (CFR = 13%)
1996; -400 hospitalised cases, 17 deaths, est. cases 121100,000; continue
to have -10 per year with CFR = 13%
1996; 1 human case, ++horses
1997; 173 cases. 8 deaths (CFR = 5%), ++horses
1998; ++horses
2000; 400+ cases, 29 deaths (CFR = 7%), ++tgeese
2000; ?33 cases
1999; -900 human cases, 14 deaths, 0.4-8% seropositive, (CFR>8%), ticks,
birds, mosquitoes
1999; 61 cases, 7 deaths (CFR = 11 %), seroperva1ence - 2-3%, crows,
mosquitoes
2000; 21 cases, 2 deaths (CFR= 10%)
2001; -32 cases (as of Oct 24,2001), 1 death (CFR = 3%)
16
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ATTACHMENT#1TOREPORT#_~~ OJ7-DZ
/1'6"7 .
"APPENDIX B-1 "
Durham Region West Nile Virus Preparedness Committee (DRWNVPC)
Terms of Reference
Purpose of Committee
The Durham Region West Nile Virus Preparedness Committee (DRWNVPC) is a local
ad hoc committee which will develop a comprehensive plan to effectively respond to the
occurrence of West Nile Virus. The plan is to be finalized by December 2001, and
submitted to the members prospèctive principles als for approval and implementation in
the spring of2002 subject to the epidemiology ofWNV in 2001. The committee will be
sponsored by the Region of Durham Health Department.
Membership
.Membership ofthe DRWNVPC shall consist of the following:
Representatives:
Town of Ajax: 1 representative
Township of Brock: 1 representative
Municipality of Clarington: 1 representative
City of Oshawa: 1 representative
City of Pickering: 1 representative -
Township of Scugog: 1 representative
Township ofUxbridge: 1 representative
Town of Whitby: 1 representative
Toronto and Region Conservation Authority
Ministry of the Environment
Durham Region Health Department
Durham Region Works Department
Durham Emergency Measures Office
Durham Environmental Network
*Canadian Food Inspection Agency
*Ministry of Agriculture,F ood and Rural Affairs
*Ministry of Natural Resources .
* Advisors to the committee
. Additional representatives may be invited to participate on the committee.
The total number of committee members will be approximately 15-20 individuals
who will provide a balanced perspective from a wide range of stakeholders advising
and assisting in the development and completion of a Durham Region West Nile
Virus Action Plan. The roles and responsibilities of the committee members are to be
detailed in the Action Plan.
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ATTACHMENT # ~ ¿ ~ REPORT #.Qf~ 017 -02.
17
Meetings:
Work on the plan will be conducted through a variety of communication channels
including written correspondence, telephone and e-mail. However, regular monthly
meetings will be needed throughout the development of the plan. Advisory
representatives to the committee are not required to attend each meeting, unless
specifically invited. .The Region of Durham will prepare and distribute agendas and
record and distribute documents to the members.
ATTACHMEN" " # ~ro REPORT #,LL~ 011-02-
1~1<S 1 .
"APPENDIX B-2 "
18
DURHAM REGION
WEST NILE VIRUS PREPAREDNESS COMMITTEE
MEMBERSHIP
-.
NAME
Judy Avery-Brock Twp~
Jim Clark-CFIA
Emma Followes-MNR
Vince Gibbens
Town of Whitby
Fred HorvathlPhil Broome
Municipality ofClarington
Ivan Ciuciura-DEMO
-
Scott Jarvie-Toronto and Region
Conservation Authority
Robert Kyle (M.O.H.)
Durham Region Health Dept.
Donna Reynolds (A.M.O.H.)
Durham Region Health Dept.
. Bob Lee (Region Of Durham
Works Department)
Jan McNeill (Durham Environ-
mental Network)
. Jeff Stewart (Town of Ajax)
Ingrid 8velnis (Uxbridge) ,
Bill Slute (City of Oshawa)
Ross MacEachern (Manager)
Durham Region Health Dept.
Laura Berger
Durham Region Health Dept.
Jay Todd (Scugog Township)
Cathy Wright (MOE)
TELEPHONEIF AX
(705)432-2355 Ext. 242
(705)432-3487
(519)837-9400/
(519)837-9773
(905)713-7404
(905)713-7361
(905)430-4310/
(905)686-5696
(905)263-2291
(905)263-4433
(905)668.;7711
(905)430-8635
(416)661-6600 Ext. 5312
(905)723-8521 Ext. 2117
(905)723-6026
(905)723-8521 Ext. 2141
905)723-6026
(905)655-3344
(905)655-4067
(905)985-3225
(905)683-2957
(905)427-4003
(905)852-9181
. (905)852-9674
(905)436-3877
(905)723-0450
(905)723-8521 Ext. 2507
(905)433-1591
(905)723-8521 Ext. 2289
(905)433-1591
(905)985- 7346
(905)985-1931
(416)326-3477
(416)325-6347
EMAIL ADDRESS
lavery brock@canada.com
Clarki@em.agr.ca
emma.followes@mnr.gov.on.ca
Gibbensv@town.whitby.on.ca
f. horvath@municipalitv.clarington.on.ca
I van.ci uciura@region.durham.on.ca
Siarvie@trca.on.ca
Ro bert.kyle@region.durham.on.ca
Do nna.reyno 1 ds@region.durham.on.ca
Lee b@region.durbam.on.ca
Janetmcneil1@look.ca
J stewart@townofaiax.com
U x bri dgetwp@interhop.net
Bslute@city.osbawa.on.ca
Maceac r@region.durbam.on.ca .
Berger .1aura@region.durham.on.ca
J todd@townsbip.seugog.on.ca
lYrightca@ene.gov.on.ca
-.
!\rLACHNENT# 2.ro REPORT#~ ðI7-02.
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19
APPENDIX C
Municipal
Mosquito Control.
. Guidelines
PREPARED BY:
Roy Ellis
Prairie Pest Management
PREPARED FOR:
Health Canada
Bureau of Infectious Diseases
DATE:
Final version May 21,2001
Appendix A.
Appendix B.
- Appendix C.
Appendix D.
Appendix E.
20
1.
1.1
1.2
2.
-
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.
4.1
4.2
5.
6.
7.
ATTACHI\r1ENT#L TO REPORT#.j)~ 0/7-02
/61 r.1
Table of Contents
Mosquito Vector Biology.......................... '°""""""," .............................................................. 1
Nuisance Mosquitoes and Disease Vectors .................................................................;.........1
Life History of °Mosquitoes ..................... .... ...... ............. .............. ................ ........................ 1
Transmission of viruses by mosquitoes in North America .......................................................... 3
West Nile virus Transmission Cycle...................................................................................... 3
Probable Mosquito Vectors....... ................ ........................................... ...... .........................4
Means of Introduction of WNV into Canada............. .......................;.............. ........ ............... 5
WNV Transmission Period... .......................... ..................... ........................... ...................... 5
Reducing the Risk of Transmission ......................................................................................6
Mosquito Control Strategies .................. ............ ...................... ...... ................... ...................... 6
Non-chemical Mosquito Control. ............ .................................... ................. ................. ........ 7
Mosquito Larviciding ..... ............................ ..°..... ........................... ....... ..........."................. 10
Mosquito Adulticiding .. ........... ............... ................... ............... .............,..... ............... ....... 17
Record-keeping...................................................................................................................23
Legal Requirements ..................... ...... ............................,........ '0"'" ...... ............................. 23
Computerized Record-keeping System....... .................... ............. ................... .................... 24
Assessing Proposals for Mosquito Control Services ................................................................. 24
Mosquito Control Resources ....,......... ...... .........,............. ....... ..~......................-.......... ............ 25
List of Appendices.................................................................................................... ........... 26
Larval and Adult Mosquito Survey and Control Forms..................................................... 27
Products registered for larval mosquito control in Canada. ............................................. 31
Products registered for adult mosquito control in Canada. .............................................. 32
Larval Sampling Procedure.... ............................ ........... ............... ........ ........... ............. 33
Mosquito Workers.. ........... ........................ ....... ........................ ................... ..............., 34
Appendix F. Provincial Government Officials. .................................................................,................. 37
Appendix G. Suppliers of Services¡ Equipment and Materials. ............................................................ 40
Appendix H.
Mosquito Control Related oWebsites. ............................................................................. 44
Appendix 1. Technical Reports and Publications. .............................................................................. 45
Appendix J. Glossary of Technical Terms.....................................,................................................... 49
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-
Disclaimer
Chemical trade names, companies, services and consultants have been provided in this publication solely
for the purpose of providing information. Mention of a trade name, company (service or supplies) or
consultant does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product or service by the author or Health
Canada or an endorsement by the author or the Department over other products or companies or
services not mentioned. Although specific pesticides have been mentioned, the reader should be aware
that existing pesticide labels are regularly revised, that older products are sometimes discontinued, and
that new products continually become available for use in mosquito control programs.
Because there are wide differences between pesticides and their formulations and because individuals
may react differently to them, every pesticide should be handled with extreme care. Label instructions
and other literature that accompanies a product must be followed at all times. One must always read
and carefully follow the pesticide product label because it is the final legal authority as to the use and
application of that product. .
Although special care has been taken in preparing these guidelines, neither the author nor the Health
Canada can be held responsible for any errors or omissions. No representation, guarantee, or warranty is
made to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the information, specifications, procedures, methods,
materials, or equipment in this document. Readers are cautioned to satisfy themselves as to the
suitability of the material provided prior to its use and to follow label directions carefully.
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ATTACHMENT#Å. TOREPORT#~Q~ oll--ó"2.
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Municipal Mosquito Control Guidelines
1.
Mosquito Vector Biology
1.1
Nuisance Mosquitoes and Disease Vectors
-
Mosquitoes are important insect pests from both a nuisance and a health point-of-view. Although Canada
may be fortunate in having relatively few mosquito-borne diseases, there remain the risk of several
mosquito-borne encephalitides viruses and various mechanically'"transmitted pathogens.
Þs a nuisance insect, mosquitoes have few rivals across southern Canada. Most people do not think
about a mosquito control program until the adult mosquitoes are present and biting in large numbers.
They become quite frustrated when they then seek advice on mosquito control and are told by
professionals that it is 'too late'. '
Mosquito control requires considerable lead-time. Besides a provincial pesticide use permit, the program
requires, at the very least, trained staff, mqsquito survey maps and tools, vehicles, spray equipment, and
insecticides. These requirements are all cost considerations that require advance budgeting, purchasing,
and hiring or contracting. '
1.2
Life History of Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes pass through the egg, larval, pupal and adult stages during their life cycle. There are 4 larval
instars'. All stages except eggs are mobile. Female mosquitoes may lay their eggs either on moist soil or
on the surface of water. The lst-instar larva is very small. As the larvae pass through their 4 instars,
they Þecome larger after each moult.
Duringthe larval and pupal stage, mosquitoes remain in the water. Both these stages are adapted for
swimming. The larvae swim as they go to and from feeding to other activities, like swimming to the
surface to obtain air. Many people call them 'wrigglers' because of way in which they swim, The larvae
of most species can be seen resting at the surface, hanging from the surface film by their respiratory
siphon. .
-
The pupal are shaped like commas. Some people think they look like miniature tadpoles. They use their
flattened, paddle-like 'tails' to propel themselves through the water. They do not feed during this
transitional stage of development, as they transform from larvae to adults. When máture, the skin of the
pupa splits open along its back and the fresh, adult mosquito slowly emerges Into the air. After resting
on the surface of the water for a few minutes, the adult mosquito usually moves to a sheltered spot close
by to allow its outer skeleton and wings to harden.
Soon after emergence, mating takes place. Mating usually occurs in mating swarms, usually within 3 to 5
days after the adults emerge. Females are attracted to the mating swarm and are quickly fertilized.
Females mate once and remain fertile for life.
1~2.1
Typical Larval Mosquito Habitats
The typical habitat for mosquito larvae is a snow-melt pool or a summer rain pool. Pools that are created
by melting snow in the spring or by heavy rains during the summer produce most of our pest
mosquitoes. A summer. rainfall of three or more centimetres can produce a major hatch of mosquitoes
from eggs that were lying dormant in grassy depressions in -fields or drainage ditches.
1
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Almost anything, whether natural or artificial, that will hold water for about a Y"eek or more may breed
mosquitoes. These insects have adapted to a wide variety of larval habitats and every one should be
checked for larvae.
23
A few examples of some larval mosquito breeding sites are given below:
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.2.2
Margins of lakes, ponds, streams., '
Irrigation ditches, ditches and vehicle ruts along roads, power lines, railway tracks.
Low-lying pasture pools and woodlot pools.
Tree-holes and rock-pools.
Gutters, barrels, buckets, cans, tires, birdbaths, boats.
Vegetated edges of sewage lagoons storm-water retention ponds and reservoirs.
Weedy margins of farm dugouts and prairie sloughs. '
Culverts, open wells, catch basins, ornamental pools, and wading pools.
Pieces of polyethylene caught up in short vegetation. '
Seasonal Occurrence of Larval and Adult Mosquitoes
Larvae of spring floodwater mosquitoes hatch from the eggs in pools of water formed by melted snow in
the woods. The, eggs occur in the leaf litter at the bottom of the pools. These larvae develop slowly
because of low water temperatures. They emerge as adults in May, before the pools dry up. The female
spring floodwater mosquitoes can be very long~lived and may bite several times. They lay their eggs in
the woods where they will be flooded by melting snow the following year. Spring floodwater mosquitoes
have only one generation per'year. Even if summer rains flood these eggs, they will not hatch until the
following spring. '
-
Summer floodwater mosquitoes include several of our common pest mosquitoes (e.g., Aedes vexans). ,
The larvae hatch from eggs after rainfall in the summer (usually 2.5 em or greater) in shallow flooded
areas such as grassy fields, roadside ditches, highway right-of-ways, tire tracks, cow hoof prints, and
other habitats. The larvae develop very quickly (7-10 days). Several generations may occur each
summer, depending upon the frequency and intensity of rainfall. We cannot predict In advance how bad
the summer floodwater mosquitoes will be, because we cannot prédict rainfall amounts or patterns.
Although there are distinct species differences, generally mosquitoes are most abundant during the
summer months. Some species may be more abundant, as adults, during the late spring; others may be
most abundant during the late summer. Still others are abundant during the summer months but for only
a few weeks after a heavy rainfall.
Heavy snowfall during the winter months, followed by a quick thaw in the spring, tends to favour the
development of large populations of the spring snowmelt mosquitoes. Heavy rainfalls during the summer
months tend to favour massive populations of summer floodwater species. .
Temperature is another key factor affecting mosquito populations. During the larval period, warm
temperatures speed up larval and pupal development. Warm temperatures during the adult stage favour
mating between the sexes and host seeking by the blood-feeding adult females.
Temperature and relative humidity have a major influence on adult mosquito populations. High
temperatures, associated with low relative humidities, tend to shorten the adult period and cause the
early death of those mosquitoes unable to find cool, moist areas for shelter.
Winds also have their affect on populations. Low winds facilitate swarming by the males and mating of
the sexes. They also facilitate the adult female's search for blood. High winds, on the other hand,
2
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24
AiTACHMENT#-1L TO REPORT#~2 or7"'ð7J
. 111 b 7 .
generally have the opposite effects although they may be a positive factor for mosquitoes in some
regards. For example, steady high winds, following a mass emergence of adult mosquitoes, tend to
disperse the population widely, sometimes many kilometres. .
1.2.3
Activity and Biting Behaviour of Mosquitoes
.-
Adult mosquitoes are usually found close to their original larval breeding sites. However, the females may
disperse from several hundred metres to several hundred kilo metres from their source, often aided by
wind. Most mosquitoes rest during the day, seeking shelter in dense vegetation that is close to their
swarm site, oviposition site, or blood-meal source(s).
The adults of most species are active during periods of twilight, which Is when winds are relatively low,
temperatures are moderate, and relative humidities are high. In shady arèas, mosquitoes may be active
throughout the day. Like male mosquitoes, the female mosquitoes feed on nectar from flowers, aphid
honeydew (i.e" sugar solution produced by aphids), and sap leaking from broken twigs to obtain the car-
bohydrates that they require for their energy.
Unfortunately for humans and other hosts; the adult females of most mosquito species require a blood
meal. Each species seems to have its own range of host preferences but most female mosquitoes will
feed on a broad range of hosts. Typical hosts include warm-blooded vertebrates, like birds and
mammals. However, the females of some mosquito species feed on reptiles and amphibians;
1.2.4
Resting Sites of Female Mosquitoes
Most mosquitoes like to rest during the day In cool, moist locations. They are very sensitive to hot, dry
weather. A few examples of some adult mosquito resting sites are given below:
" .
Heavy vegetation near their larval breeding sites or their hosts.
Areas of high humidity along the shores of streams, rivers and lakes.
In culverts, under bridges, above catch-basins.
Inside buildings (e.g., houses, livestock barns, poultry houses, outhouses).
Under piles of firewood, lumber, or other materials.
.
..,'
.
.
:-.
2.
Transmission of viruses by mosquitoes in North America
Mosquito control programs are typically Instituted in areas where local mosquito populations consistently
represent a significant annoyance or potential public health threat or both. The objective of this section is
to provide basic information on how viruses, specifically West Nile virus (WNV), are transmitted between
mosquitoes and other host (I.e., humans) or reservoir animals (I.e., birds). Although the vectors, hosts
and reservoir species involved in transmission cycle of the different mosquito-borne viruses vary, the
objectives and approaches used to minimize human or animal infection through mosquito control
programs are similar. However, it should be remembered that control programs designed to suppress
the numbers of nuisance mosquitoes may differ significantly from ones aimed at reducing the abundance
of disease-carrying mosquito populations.
2.1
West Nile virus Transmission Cycle
West Nile virus is spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito and can cause encephalitis
(inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord). West
. Nile encephalitis (WNE) has been documented in parts of Africa, West Asia, and the Middle East and WNV
has been in northeastern USA since, at least, 1999. West Nile virus is closely related to the viruses that
:3
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ATTACHMENT#.1L TO REPORT # DeS 017-07..-
!t°i~1
25
cause St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) and Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE). Outbreaks of WEE (in
humans and horses) in Manitoba and Saskatchewan and SLE (in humans) in Ontario have occurred in the
~~ .
Wild birds are the principal reservoirs of mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses. Mosquitoes feed on
infected birds, picking up the virus with the blood meal.
.-
The virus may circulate in the blood of the mosquito for a few days. After laying their eggs, the infected
mosquitoes may then transmit the virus to other birds (at least 70 species; mainly corvids, such as crows
and blue jays), mammals (e.g., horses, cats, bats, chipmunks, skunks, squirrels, and domestic rabbits),
and humans when they take their next blood meal. Some newly infected hosts (e.g., American crows)
may become ill and/or die as result of an infection. . .
The virus is located in the mosquito's salivary glands. During blood feeding, the virus may be Injected
Into the new hostariimal where it may multiply, possibly causing illness. Some of these newly infected
hosts may allow the buildup or amplification of the virus in their blood with or without showing any signs
of illness. WNV is not transmitted from one person to another or from birds directly to people. Birds may
serve to spread the virus from one geographical area to another. One of the keys to the prevention of
WNE or other infections caused by arboviruses is the suppression of vector mosquito populations.
.-
2.2
Prob~ble Mosquito Vectors
Thirteen species of mosquitoes have been identified as possible vectors of WNV in northeastern USA.
The distribution of these 13 spedes across southern Canada has been summarized in the table below. in
addition, two other potential vectors of WNV have been added. These two species do not occur within
. the present range of WNV but will likely be competent vectors of this virus, based on their efficiency in
transmitting other viruses in Canada. Although It has been well established that CUlex species are
primarily responsible for transmission of WNV to birds, the specific role that the other mosquito species
will play in the transmission of WNV to humans has not been clearly defined. The mere presence of
probable WNV vectors in a province does not mean that WNV activity or outbreaks of WNE in humans are
imminent.
4
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A TT ACHJVlENT # L TO REFORI' t~.O~~,$. 0' 1-Ö 2
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-;'1ì~i~iítjjii - -
Culex pipiens
Culex restuans
Culex salinarius
Culiseta melanura
Ochlerotatus japonicus
Ochlerotatus triseriatus
Och/erotatus trivittatus
Aedes vexans
Aedes albopictus
Ochlerotatus atropalpus
Ochlerotatus cantatar
Psoraphora ferox
Ano heles uncti ennis
" ,'- ,"";'-' '--':-;.:'::: -:"'~':-"':"-'~":-~:',"~""'.:"--'",:_v,.,;e>,_.,:.......:~"C"."
.. , .
Species Present', :,', :':'; ::";,,', ',;;"; :~i'~:::~(
:.~, "'",""'.,,:,';"':'~':"""':-",',..:,,",,':,I(;;~',,::~~\;f'~~;I~S~;)~:
ii'
. ",
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
"
,,', ,:," ~'"",:;':' /',....;;.:iï::,,':,';'. ~:;-':~""'<:: "."'.:?:':.,~~~::I .:.:i:/::>~¡~~ !i!~~~lt~J,;:'::'!':':~'::"";~ .,~,
. Other;Potelltial Vectors1,;.:-~:::..",.:'~!( ',;.~~;.~.,....;[~¡.j!.., ~I~~';'~¡"' .'f,i:!?'\ 't~~.,j:~~<~ " ,
',';:, , ,. '" .~ :"," ";::!'!:;":.;::f'::...'.::f'::'i::;::/~":> :,¡;'(:,!;,t::~;~Y; :,:' "":';',:¡;Æ£N¡;~~ ¥~:t~~~~:tJ.~, ::'~~Gf:~~'{ ,
Culex tarsalis
CuJiseta inornata
+
+
+
+
Note that some of these species may be more widely distributed in southern Canada than the published
reports indicate. Intensive sampling, especially in the Atlantic Provinces where mosquitoes have not
been intensively studied, may extend the known range of several Culex and Culiseta species.
Obviously, from the above table, the provinces of Ontario and Quebec have the greatest numbers of
possible WNV vectors. Municipalities that are initiating new mosquito surveys woúld be well advised to
note and deal with any breeding sites that are producing these species.
2.3
Means of Introduction of WNV into Canada
West Nile virus could be (and, perhaps, has already been) Introduced into Canada by infected mosquitoes
or birds in 2000. The likely scenario of introduction is that infected ,bird(s) would move across the border
into Canada from New York or other neighbouring states. These birds would then serve as a source of
virus for local blood-feeding mosquitoes.
Once the virus was introduced into the local mosquito population, the mosquito vectors could infect more
birds. Eventually, mosquitoes would transfer the virus from birds to mammals! including horses and
people.
2.4 WNV Transmission Period
WNE cases usually occur in the late summer or early fall in the temperate zone of the world (Le.,
between latitudes 23.5° and 66.5° north and south). In the NE USA! symptoms of the disease begin to
1 Known vectors of SLE and/or WEE are potential vectors of WNV.
5
ATTACHMENT# :21'0 REPORT1t O. ec.... o/1-6~
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217
appear in humans by mid-July and, in horses, by mid-August. Human cases seem to peak in mid-August;
horse cases peak in late-September. In more southern climatic zones, WNV is reported to be transmitted
by mosquitoes throughout the year.
In Canada, as in northeastern USA, transmission from mosquitoes to people is likely to begin during the
mid- to late-summer period and to end with the first hard or severe frost that typically marks the end of
mosquito biting for the season.
2.5
Reducing the Risk of Transmission
-
People can minimize their risk of mosquito bites through wearing proper clothing and a repellent and
avoiding times and situations when and where mosquitoes are most active. Practical tips to pass along to
residents are given in the section on public education below.
However, many people, including municipal employees, must be outdoors in places and during periods of
the day where mosquitoes are active. If there is a risk of WNV transmission in the area, it is important
that these people, especially the middle-aged. and elderly, take full precautions to avoid mosquito bites.
3.
Mosquito Control Strategies
Most people do not think about a mosquito management program until the adult mosquitoes are present
and biting in large numbers. They become quite frustrated when they then seek advice on mosquito
control and are told by professionals that it is 'too late'.
Mosquito management requires considerable lead-time. In adqition to obtaining a government permit,
the program requires, at the very least, trained staff, survey maps and tools, vehicles, spray equipment,
and insecticides. These requirements are all cost considerations requiring advance budgeting.
Before attempting to launch a mosquito management program, those persons who will manage the
program should take some preliminary steps:
-
1. Determine how much support there is for mosquito control in the municipality. You
will need the support of residents, merchants, and councilors.
2. Determine the formal steps that must be taken to start a new mosquito control
program in your province, including:
. Establishing a steering commit:tee for implementing the program and
consider developing a mosquito control by-law which would give.
municipalities right to access private property for the purposes of
mosquito control. .
. Obtaining provincial pesticide applicator licenses.
. Fulfilling pesticide-use permit requirementS.
. Purchasing of tools, supplies and equipment2.
. Renting vehicles and other equipment.
. Training and assigning staff.
3. Learn as much as possible about mosquito control from government officials,
suppliers, university researchers, and consultants and by reading available manuals on
mosquito control (see attached appendices).
, '
2 Supplies will include such items as mosquito traps and insecticides; equipment will include such items as a
computer, dissecting microscope, and sprayers.
6
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4. Have key staff and officials attend a mosquito control applicator's course [e.g.,
courses such as that offered by Clarke Environmental Mosquito management
(http://www.cmosquito.com/inside/mu_objectives.asp) or those offered by the Florida
Medical Entomology Laboratory (http://fmel.ifas.ufl.edu/index.htm)]
5. Determine the costs for the first year of work, including labour, equipment, and
materials (allowing for inflation and increased labour costs).
-
6. Obtain applicator licenses and pesticide use permit, according to provincial
regulations, well in advance of the season.
7. Hire responsible, trained, seasonal staff to carry out mosquito breeding site surveys,
maintain mosquito light traps and collections, and carry out any necessary spray
operations.
8. Record all survey and spray data to fulfill permit requirements and to plan for an even
better program the following year. '
9. Develop some basic policies and standard operating procedures for the mosquito
management program and have these approved by senior management and/or elected
officials.
3.1
Non-chemical Mosquito Control
3.1.1~
Water Management
.-
Becaúse of the temporary nature and small size of many mosquito floodwater habitats, they often can be
altered to prevent or, at least, minimize mosquito production (see section on source reduction below).
However, there are laws and policies regulating alterations of larger habitats such as wetlands. Contact
your Department of Natural Resources or Conservation if planning such major projects. Although
compromises must be made, it is usually possible to reduce larval mosquito sources and at the same time
preserve wetlands and other desirable habitats. In some instances, water management can even
enhance certain types of wetland habitats. For example, it is possible to change many very temporary,
scattered pools into more permanent wetland habitats.
Landscape planners should consider carefully the kinds of mosquito habitats they may be creating when
wetlands are integrated irito landscape or neighborhood designs or when designs are made for storm
water retention ponds, sewage lagoons, or ornamental ponds. .
3.1.2
Source Reduction Prevents Mosquitoes
Ideally, mosquito control should be based on a preventive program. This is simply the removal of
mosquito breeding sites. Many breeding sites (e.g., salt-marshes, sewage and dairy lagoons, storm
water-retention ponds, farm dug-outs) can be made unsuitable for mosquito breeding. This is done
through a combination of good design (e.g., steeply-sloped and graveled shore-lines), water level
manipulation, and emergent vegetation control. Sloped, graveled, rocky, or sandy shorelines,will support
few mosquitoes. Larvae will be exposed to wave action and have difficulty obtaining food. ..
Sometimes, the easiest way to prevent mosquitoes is to alter their breeding sites to make them
unsuitable for egg laying. In the case of shallow depressions or unnecessary ditches, this usually equates
to improved drainage or filling with clean soil. Even scraping sediment from the bottom of roadside
ditches every few years can make the ditches unattractive for mosquito breeding.
7
-
AITACHMENr#.2~TO #.~".~S ó\1-()¿.
~4~ ~7 .
Ditches that are slow to drain, form a series of pocket pools, and support lush grasses or weeds are
prime larval breeding sites. Regular mowing every 2 weeks or so during the summer months will reduce
mosquito breeding. When considering ditch drainage improvements, conduct a larval survey after a
heavy rain to determine which ditches should receive highest priority for maintenance.
Often ditches along main roads and highways are quite wide. They form broad, expansive breeding sites.
One way to restrict the size of the habitat and reduce the surface area that must be treated with a
mosquito larvicide is to run a narrower, deeper ditch through the centre of the broader ditch.
29
There may be patches of flooded land (occupied by trees, shrubs and weedy vegetation) that are
adjacent to roadside ditches. The stagnant water in these depressions can usually be drained into the
roadside ditch, eliminating the difficult-to-treat woodland breeding site. If breeding occurs in the
roadside ditch, it is at least more accessible.
-
In other situations, it may not be possible to drain an open breeding site. However, it may be possible to
fill. it with soil, bringing it up to the level of the surrounding land, and eliminating the standing water.
Many small municipalities cannot afford to carry out an annuallarviciding program. Funds are unavailable
for staff, equipment and insecticide. Yet, most municipalities own or can get access to earth-moving
equipment of one type or another and could use it to advantage in mosquito source reduction. Managing
or eliminating larval breeding sites can be an economical and effective means of preventing mosquitoes.
It is worth considering as either an alternative or a supplement to mosquito larviciding and adulticidíng.
When mosquito source reduction is being considered, it is advisable to consult local wildlife officials
before starting. They can determine if the planned water management projects are acceptable from a
wildlife habitat point-of-view. A poorly planned drainage project might cause more problems than it is
worth.
Source reduction of larval mosquitoes may involve:
.
.
.
.
- .
.
.
3.1.3
Installation of a catchment.
Installation of tile leading to a catchment or drain.
Modification of grade to permit drainage.
Filling and leveling of small water-filled depressions.
Conversion of a mosquito-producing area to a non-mosquito-producing body of water such as an
ornamental pond, water hazard, or permanent wetland.
Elimination of artifical breeding containers (critical for control of Culex species).
Reduction or elimination of emergent vegetation around storm-water retention ponds thus
making them less suitable for mosquito development.
Exclusion
The us~ of mosquito screening on the doors and windows of buildings is an obvious mea,"!s of excluding
mosqUItoes. Doors should always be snug fitting along all four edges.
3.1.4
Public Education
Fact sheets, posters, school poster contests, media contacts, and formal presentations can all be
employed to let residents know what the municipality is doing about mosquitoes and to solicit their
cooperation. .One way that citizens can be encouraged to help control mosquitoes is through backyard
source reduction. People need to be advised on where mosquitoes breed in their backyards:
-
8
fvlosquito Sources
ATTACHMENT # ~ :1 RE PO RT# ~ ò 17 - D '2.
. ,. .. .". ,.' ......,.,~"~.,...,.."...<..,..,.."...";.;"...".N""'.,,...>:"'.r"'~'.,"~~.,"f~;""""":"""":'<"~":"" !
tto~ to Reduce Backyà~d ~Osq~~toe,s::-':; ..' ,,';
30
-
-, ,...
Ponds
Swimming pools
Tree holes
Plastic pools
Containers
Bird baths
Standing water
Watering troughs
Strèet gutter or catch basins
Septic tank fields
Roof gutters .
Rain Barrels
Irrigated lawns or fields
, I
! ' '..,--,- -.--. -..--..-"::-- -..,-.."-,:...",,."----:.._,:,__1
, -- - ----, -"'Stöck'wiÜi-fÌsh"õr-use-'BTI;'remove excess vegetation.
Keep water off cover; maintain water quality at all times.
Fill hole with sand or mortar.
Drain water when not in use, or cover so mosQuitoes cannot lay eggs.
Empty water; store in an inverted position; dispose of; or cover.
Change water at least once a week. .
Eliminate by draining; Fill in low areas.
Stock with fish, or change water weekly.
Keep litter and garden debris out of gutters; do not over water yard.
Ensure proper drainage so mosquitoes cannot lay eggs.
Clean once a year to remove debris;
Cover with screening or empty weekly.
Avoid over-irrigation. Drain standing water.
3.1.5
Personal Protection
Citizens should be advised that the most effective method of personal protection from mosquito bites is
to avoid places where mosquito densities are high and to avoid being out-of-doors at times of the day
when mosquito activity is at its highest (during calm, warm, humid evenings).
If people find themselves in situations where they must be exposed to biting mosquitoes, there are
several things they can do. First, they can minimize the exposed skin surface by wearing a hat or head
net, long trousers! and a long-sleeved shirt. Some mosquitoes will bite through lightweight clothing, but
the number of bites received is definitely reduced if most areas of the body are covered, When mosquito
densities become very high or there is a risk of disease transmission, people may want to apply a
mosquito repellent. .
-
Most effective repellents contain DEEr (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). Commercial repellents contain
varying concentrations of DEEr, usually between 10 and 50%. In general, the higher the concentration
of DEEr in a product the longer the duration of protection with a single application. Thus the lower
concentration products provide 1 or 2 hours of protection, whereas higher concentration products are
effective for 4 to 6 hours. The duration of protection of lower concentration DEEr'products can match
that of higher concentration products, if they are reapplied at regular intervals (e.g., hourly). The
efficacy of any repellent will depend on weather conditions (i.e., strong wind speeds and high
temperatures or relative humidity will decrease the duration of protection) and amount of physical activity
of the user (i.e" sweating will result in rapid declines In protection times).
DEEr-based repellents do have some minor drawbacks. DEET can be an irritant to some people and it .
may damage synthetic materials such as rayon, nylon or certain plastics. When applying repellents¡
always read the label instructions carefully and thoroughly apply the material to all exposed skin,
including behind the ears. If people wish to avoid using DEEr, there are few, if any, effective
alternatives. Plant oils, such as oil of lavender or citronella, have been shown to be somewhat repellent
to mosquitoes. However, most other plant oils are not available as commercial mosquito repellents.
More detailed information concerning the selection of a repellent and safe use of insect repellents can be
obtained from Health Canada's Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) at http://www.hc-
sc. gc. ca/hpbjlcdc/ publicatli nfoj repel'- e.html.
9
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ATlf\CHr'1ENT#~- TO REPORT~t Ai. ¡:::<'. 017-02
;~ ~1o7 ~. ,.-LL~
There is a vast array of other products that are marketed to repel mosquitoes, most of which are totally
ineffective. These include wristbands that contain an aromatic repellent, ultrasonic emitters, electric grids,
electronic repellers, aromatic plants (the most common one is the so-called mosquito plant), incense
coils, vitamins, and even mixtures of brewer's yeast and garlic. Research has shown that all of these
methods are of little or no value in repelling mosquitoes.
31
3.1.6
Biological Control
-.
Mosquitoes are affected by a host of natural enemies, including a wide variety of parasites, predators,
and pathogens. Unfortunately, because mosquito numbers can explode after the spring snowmelt or a
heavy summer rainfall, natural enemies do little to keep mosquitoes at a tolerable level.
There are exceptions to this rule. There have been cases where, in individual breeding sites, a parasite
(e.g., certain kinds of nematodes) or a predator (e.g., fathead minnows) have kept mosquitoes to a low
level. However, the general success of mosquitoes serves to underscore their ability to adapt to widely
divergent natural phenomena. They are not likely to succumb in any meaningful way to natural controls.
Fortunately, one natural enemy can be easily manipulated to control mosquito larvae. The microbial
insecticide, BTI (see section 3.2.3.1 below) is an example of a natural mosquito pathogen that has been
commercialized and is now widely used in mosquito control programs across Canada. Because BTI has
no effects on other natural enemies, it is the ideal mosquito larvicide. .
3.2
Mosquito Larviciding
3.2.1
Rationale for Mosquito Larviciding
Mosquito control programs are typically instituted in areas where local mosquito populations consistently
represent a significant annoyance or potential public health threat or both. It should be clear that
mosquitoes are involved in one or both of these activities before implementing a control program, since it
may not be necessary to use larvicides (or other mosquito control measures) in areas where mosquito
populations rarely reach annoying levels or where mosquito-borne diseases are not present or expected.
to be. present.
-
Many people think that the best time to begin a mosquito control program is when the numbers of biting
female mosquitoes reach an intolerable level. However, the best time to begin a mosquito management.
program is before the mosquitoes emerge. Prevention should begin immediately after the mosquito eggs
have hatched, the pool has been inspected, and the numbers of larvae present justify the use of an
insecticide. T~e larvae are most efficiently and economically destroyed when they are concentrated in
their breeding site. Preventing the larvae from becoming adult mosquitoes minimizes the area that would
have to be treated. It prevents the development of an annoyance or health problem. Larviciding can
reduce overall insecticide use in a mosquito control program by reducing or eliminating the need for
ground or aerial application of insecticides to kill widespread adult mosquitoes.
3.2.2
Information Required for Effective Larviciding
Monitoring Mosquito Breeding Sites and Larval Populations
3.2.2.1
Mosquito monitoring is a prerequisite to an effective, efficient, and environmentally sound mosquito
control program. Monitoring is used to: .
10
..-.
.
ATrACH~1ENT#okTORF.PORT# ^. e. :S.. 017"'02.
:ní'1 .J¿-
Define the nature and extent of the mosquito problem by determining the species composition of
mosquitoes and the age structure of immature mosquitoes (i.e., early or late larval instars or
pupae).
Calculate the amount of larvicide required.
Give direction to daiJy mosquito control operations.
Determine the proximity of environmentally sensitive areas to larval breeding sites.
Determine which larval breeding sites can be eliminated.
Evaluate the effectiveness of control operations. .
Generate the data needed to comply with provincial larvicide use permits.
Evaluate the potential for transmission of mosquito-borne diseases.
32
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
The first .step in determining which mosquitoes must be monitored routinely is to establish which species
cause problems. Control efforts can be justified when certain mosquitoes pose a nuisance or are an
economic or health-related pest. A nuisance mosquito bothers people, typically in and around homes or
in recreational areas. An economically important mosquito reduces property values¡ slows economic
development of an area, reduces tourism, or adversely affects livestock production. Health-related
mosquito problems include adverse reactions to mosquito bites and the transmission of infectious
diseases (e.g., West Nile Encephalitis).
A list of mosquito species can be compiled from a review of the literature for species that bite humans or
that may vector disease in the area of concern. For example, in southern Ontario, the main nuisance
species might be Ae. vexans and the main disease vector species might be Cx. pipíens. Once the key
target species have been determined, the jurisdiction involved can be surveyed, with special emphasis on
the breeding sites of these species. The survey should include the collection of adult mosquitoes and
larvae. Obviously, someone must be trained to identify the larval and adult mosquitoes. That person will
require a dissecting microscope, processing supplies, and a key to identify mosquitoes3,
. Information from the survey can be used to determine the abundance and seasonal distribution of each
species and its relative importance as a target for control efforts. Because mosquito collection methods
differ in their effectiveness for sampling different species, more than one collection method may be used
to accurately determine the relative abundance of all the species in an area. Comparing the numbers of
a single mosquito species collected in different types of traps can be misleading and should be avoided.
-
The temporal and spatial changes (when and where) in mosquito populations and the problems that
mosquitoes cause are measured by monitoring four factors:
. Telephone requests for mosquito control services.
. .Adult mosquito population studies.
. Immature mosquito population studies.
. Long- and short-term weather patterns (e.g" rainfall and temperature)
Both a mosquito-breeding site inventory and. a larval surveillance system should be developed. The
mosquito-breeding site inventory is a permanent collection of descriptions of all breeding sites, A larval
surveillance system describes the numbers of mosquitoes breeding at each site when it was sampled,
Inventory and survey data can provide a record of mosquito breeding over time, assisting in the decision
to either larvicide the breeding site or eliminate it.
3 Wood, D.M" P.T. Dang, and R.A, Ellis, 1979. The Insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 6. The Mosquitoes of
Canada (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada, Hull, Quebec.
390 p.
11
-
3.2.2.2
AfTACH1VlENT#.L TO REPORT#- Des 017-02
i~~~7 .
Mapping Larval Breeding Sites
33
Initially, a systematic survey is made to map all potential mosquito development sites within the
municipality. For each mapped site, the acreage (or hectarage) is determined and a reference number
and habitat type are assigned.
The site information can then be entered into a database which will contain a detailed breeding history
for each site, including:
-
A map reference location (e.g., street àddress or concession roads, sections or GPS coordinates).
Description of sites that have produced larvae.
The time of the season when the sites have mosquitoes.
. The larval density at each site.
The species associated with in each site. .
Type of equipment most appropriate to dispatch to the location (i.e., helicopter, backpack, truck-
mounted units, etc.). .' ,
Any restrictions associated with the site (e.g., permission required, phone ahead, BTI only, close
gate, 24 hours notice required).
After a multi-year development period, the municipality can produce a field Inspection and control
strategy for each site within its jurisdiction. The sites can be split into non-breeding sites and targeted
sites. The non-breeding sites are considered a low-priority. Bi-weekly or monthly inspections will
maintain the database for these sites. The sites with a history of producing significant mosquito~ can be
targeted for intensive field inspections and appropriate larval control measures.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A mosquito control program will have maps that show the location of all the mosquito-breeding sites in
its jurisdiction. These maps are used to maintain a program for larval surveillance and to plan larvidding
operations. The map inventory must be updated on a routine basis. For example, as new residential or
commercial developments occur, natural drainage patterns will be interrupted and the characteristics of .
mosquito breeding in those areas will change. In turn, the species composition of the mosquitoes at
each site may change.
Deciding which characteristics of the breeding site should be recorded in an inventory is difficult.
Estimates of various factors will help to determine if treatments are needed. The factors include:
.-..
Water surface area.
Water depth.
Water temperature.
Mosquito stage and density.
The presence or absence of predators or parasites.
Although monitoring mosquitoes is time consuming, creating and maintaining hard copy maps of
breeding sites is even more difficult. A computer-based mapping system is needed, especially for larger
municipalities. A computer system will facilitate the compilation and extraction of data. It can even be
used to estimate the total surface area of all the breeding sites and, from that, be used to ensure that
sufficient larvicide is ordered and available to treat all the infested breeding sites.
.
.
.
.
.
3.2.2.3
Monitoring Mosquito Larvae
Many devices and procedures that have been developed to sample mosquito eggs, larvae, and pupae.
Larvae can be collected with dippers, nets, aquatic light traps, suction devices, and container-evacuation
methods. The most commonly used tool Is the mosquito dipper. The dipper can be used simply to
12
-
34
ArrACHMENT#..L.TOREPORT#.it~~~ Dt7 -01-
. ~~(,1
determine the presence of larvae. However, standardized sampling methods are required if mosquito
densities are to be quantified.
The most efficient method for larval sampling and ranking of breeding sites is to use a simple sequential
sampling technique (see appendix D). Most large control programs rank mosquito breeding sites (nil,
low, medium or high density) so they can plan their larviciding efforts, concentrating on breeding sites
with moderate or high mosquito populations. .
-
When there is limited time available for larviciding, it is makes more sense to treat the major sources of
mosquitoes than waste time and resources on larval breeding sites that produce only a few mosquitoes.
3.2.2.4
Monitoring Environmental Factors
To maximize the usefulness of mosquito surveillance datal key weather events (e.g., rainfall) must be
noted. Rainfall will dictate when breeding sites will be flooded and when they will need to be inspected
for mosquito larvae. ..
Rain gauges are important anywhere mosquito production is being monitored. Data from numerous
inexpensive backyard-style rain gauges, scattered throughout the municipality, can be supplemented with
more precise data from the Environment Canada Weather Service and local weather watchers.
Because rainfall is often highly localized, It is important to record rainfall amounts from as many locations
as possible. These data allow you to pinpoint the areas most likely to have mosquito hatching. When
rainfall data is coupled with temperature records¡ one can predict¡ almost to the daYI when the adult
female mosquitoes will emerge. Typically, larviciding crews will start in the areas having the highest
rainfáll.
Weather conditions are Important considerations during aerial or ground application of mosquito
larvicides and adultícides. High winds, low temperatures, rainfalll and high humidity can affect adult
mosquito activityl as well as the effectiveness of the mosquito control operations.
3.2.3
Mosquito Larvicides
3.2.3.1
Microbial Larvicides
-
Microbial larvicides are bacterium that have been registered with Health Canada as insecticides for the
control of mosquito larvae. The target application sites include:
. Irrigation ditches.
. Flood water.
. Standing ponds.
. Woodland pools.
. Flooded pastures.
. Marshes.
. Storm water retention ponds.
Thou.g.h the duration of the effectiveness of these larvicides depends on the mosquito species, weather
c.ondltlonsl product formulation, and water quality, generally these larvicides have short residual activity
(I.e., less than 24 hours). Microbial larvicides are well suited for use in an integrated mosquito
management program.
13
-
AITACHMENT # ..-~JO REPORT # ~Qf? ð 11-6 ~
~, l{,7
'~~
~". ~
The only microbial larvicide use in Canada is Baci/lus thuringiensís israe/ensis or BTI, It is currently sold
under the trade names of Vectobac, Aquabac or Teknar. BTI Is a naturally occurring bacteria that
produces a crystal that is fatal to mosquitoes when eaten. . It is harmless to beneficial organisms in the
mosquito environment. Extensive testing shows this microbial larvicide does not pose a risk to wildlife,
non-target species, or the environment.
Mosquito larvae move through the water, filtering out food as they go. When BTI is applied to the water,
the mosquito larvae eat it. The BTI spores that contain a crystallized toxin are released by the larva's
stomach fluids. The toxin then ruptures the stomach of the mosquito, causing the larva's death.
-
Timing of BTI applications is extremely important. Optimal benefits are generally obtained when treating
2nd or 3rd instar larvae. Although 1st instar larvae are susceptible to BTI, treatment is usually targeted at
these later instars to ensure that hatch is complete. Treatments at other developmental stages may
provide less than desired results because the hatch is incomplete (1st instar) or larvae stop feeding (4th
instar larvae prior to moulting to pupae). Therefore, a disadvantage of using BTI is the limited treatment
window available.
3.2.3.2
Biorational Larvicides
Methoprene (sold as Altosid) is a compound that was developed after scientists discovered and analyzed
a hormone in mosquitoes that kept the mosquitoes in the juvenile. or immature stage. Altosid is one of
the so-called "biorational" compounds, meaning the Impact on the environment is minimized by using
natural products or chemicals that are similar to these natural products.
-
Remember that mosquitoes, after hatching from the egg stage, go through four larval instars. While they
are in the larval stage, a juvenile hormone is present that Stops them from becoming adults; Altosid is
formulated as a slow-release briquette. The benefit of the slow release is that the briquettes can be
placed in difficult to reach locations and continue controlling mosquitoes for a long time. By placing a
small amount of this compound in the water (less than 70 gfha), the mosquitoes are prevented from
maturing. They simply die during the pùpal stage. Another benefit of using Altosid is that larvae remain
in the food chain, reducing the impact on other organisms sharing the aquatic habitat. Note that Altosid
must be present when the mosquito larvae are in the later stages of larval development for it to work.
Methoprene used.in mosquito control programs does not pose unreasonable risks to wildlife, people, or
the environment. The toxicity of methoprene to birds and fish is low. It is non-toxic to bees. Reports of
frog abnormalities due to Altosid have been widely circulated but these reports have not stood up to
scientific scrutiny.
Methoprene breaks down quickly in water and soil and will not leach into groundwater. However,
methoprene is highly toxic to some species of freshwater, estuarine, and marine invertebrates such as
crayfish, if misused. For that reason, PMRA has included special precautions on the container label to
reduce such risks. Although BTI and methoprene are expensive¡ they work to control mosquitoes without
harming other organisms present in the breeding site. .
Diflubenzuron is a chitin-synthesis inhibitor. It acts on contact with mosquito larvae to disrupt the
moulting process. At the end of an insect moult, chitin is required as the hard component of the new
outer skin of the larva. A failure to synthesize larval chitin halts moulting, leading to physiological.
difficulties¡ desiccation, and ultimately death. For these reasons, it is variously called an "insect growth
inhibitor" or "insect growth regulator".
Diflubenzuron is available as Dimilin, a wettable powder formulation. Wettable powders are not easy to
mix. They must be mixed with water before being applied as a liquid spray. Another drawback is that,
14
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q t'
:..0
lfrTJ\C:HMENT~L~ TO REPORT#~"ð\ 1-DZ
3)1107
because it also affects other arthropods, it cannot be used in habitats in which crustaceans are a valuable
component (e.g., in marshes). A granular formulation of Dimilin Is actively being pursued and is currently
in the developmental stages.
3.2.3.3
Chemical Larvicides
-
Conventional chemical larvicides that can currently be used in canada include chlorpyrifos, fenthion, and
malathion. Chlorpyrifos has, for decades, been the chemical larvicide of choice. It has had a good
record as a relatively safe, effective, and environmentally acceptable mosquito larvicide. It also is "much
less expensive to use than any of the microbial or biorational products. However, as a result of a recent
PMRA review, the use of chlorpyrifos will be restricted in the future, especially in and around residential
areas. .
Fenthion, although registered as a mosquito larvicide, is rarely used for this purpose because of its
toxicity to birds. No municipalities in Canada are currently known to use this product as a mosquito
larvicide and its future is uncertain. "
Malathion is an effective larvicide but has essentially no residual activity. It is rapidly hydrolyzed in
water. Studies have shown It to be ineffective 24 hours after treatment. However, its use may increase
in future years unless new chemical larvicides or more inexpensive non-chemical larvicides become"
available to replace those being lost. Even so, because there are no granular formulations of this product
available, the use of malathion will be limited to ground-based application equipment.
3.2.4
Larviciding Equipment
3.2¡4.1
Granular Application Equipment
Forthe most part, two types of larviciding equipment are used: i.e., granular and liquid spray equipment.
These pieces of equipment may be manually or power operated. They may be hand or shoulder carried
or mounted on All Terrain Vehicles (ATV), trucks, or aircraft.
Granular larvicides are the most frequently used dry pesticide formulation. Granular larvicides are
products in which the active ingredient is applied to the surface of a carrier (the granule). Thè active
ingredient is bound to the surface (whether it be bentonite, vermiculite, or some other inert substance)
with some type of binder or sticking agent. This keeps most of the active ingredient on the carrier in
transit but allows the active ingredient to release when the granular is applied to the larval habitat.
-
Granule applicators or spreaders are usually used to apply granules and pelletized pesticides to larval
breeding sites. The tank usually consists of a gravity-fed hopper. At the base of the hopper, the
granules are ejected through a simple opening or with the aid of a powered auger.
There are several ways to apply granular larvicides. The simplest way is to broadcast them by hand.
Many small municipalities use a "belly grinder", a shoulder-carried, crank-operated granule dispenser.
These spreaders are supported by straps and look like 20 L pails with a side crank for auguring out the
granules. They can hold up to 10 kg of granules. These equipment is useful for small area treatments
when the person applying the product can get into the breeding habitat and auger out very small
amounts of granules.
If larger areas need to be treated, powered backpack blowers are often used. These blowers will spread
the granules up to 10-15 m from the operator. Backpack blowers (e.g., Solo 400 or 423; Stihl SR420 or
SR423; see supplier listing) can also be mounted on ATVs. This enables them to treat relatively large
15
-
#._~~ TO REPORT#_c¿es ðI7-D'J...
3~~ (,1 '
areas more efficiently. Special truck-mounted granular blowers are used for treating wide, roadside
ditches.
f:1;,
37
When hundreds or thousands of hectares of breeding sites need to be treated quickly, aircraft are used to
apply the granules. Many aerial applicators use Simplex or similar granule spreader systems. If there is
a choice between using helicopter or fixed-wing application services, most municipalities will choose
helicopters. Even though more expensive on' an hourly basis, they are much more maneuverable and
they can be refilled with fuel and larvicide close to the treatment areas.
-
3.2.4.2
Liquid Application Equipment
The basic sprayer unit used by pest control technicians to apply residual sprays for insect control is the
compressed air sprayer. These 'hand sprayers' are made with galvanized metal, stainless steel, or
polyethylene tanks. Air is pumped into them with the aid of a plunger-type apparatus or pump. The
spray is delivered through an attached hose with a hand shut-off valve and an adjustable or changeable
nozzle tip. There are several brands available. One example is the B & G stainless steel sprayer. They
are easy to use¡ efficient, and readily available in 1-,2-, and 3-US gallon sizes. These small sprayers are
used for spot spraying of small larval breeding sites.
The powered, backpack sprayer (comparable to the backpack blower above) is a more useful unit. It
consists of a small engine and gasoline reservoir, a liquid insecticide tank, and a spray nozzle system.
These components are attached to a rigid metal frame and supported by wide shoulder straps and a belt.
Depending on the spray nozzle system used, they are used to produce a solid or variable coarse spray
(e.g., for applying mosquito larvicides to ditches or other small larval breeding sites) or to produce an air-
driven mist (e.g., used as a mist-blower to apply a residual spray and control adult mosquito in their
daytime. resting siteS). These units are good for off-road breeding sites and, like the backpack blower,
can be carried on one's back or they can be mounted on an ATV for more efficient operations.
There are also a host of different truck-mounted liquid sprayers available. The tank, hose, and reel unit
is most common. Municipalities with tree spraying programs may have a large mist-blower that can also
be used for liquid applications, particularly along wide roadside ditches. Liquid applications of larvicide
are rarely made from the air because most breeding sites are heavily vegetated or occur in wooded
areas. Most of the droplets would "hang up" on the vegetation and never make it to the pool where the
target mosquito larvae are present.
-
3.2.5
Larviciding Permit
The pesticide licensing and permit system is the key means by which a province controls pesticide use.
Licenses are issued to pesticide applicators that have passed an examination on a particular type of
pesticide use (e.g., mosquito and biting fly control). Permits may be required by municipalities for certain
specific types of applications (e.g., application of restricted mosquito larvicides to water; application of
pesticides to public lands).
Any municipality considering a new mosquito control program should contact their provincial àgriculture
and/or environment department (well before starting) to determine what licenses and permits may be
required. Note that a provincial permit for mosquito larviciding may set conditions that restrict the use of
a particular larvicide beyond those already specified on the product label.
3.2.6
Larviciding Procedures
For an established municipal mosquito control program, the mosquito control season may follow the
following progression of events:
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38
ATTÞ¡CHt1ENT#~ TO REPORT#t,Oe-S 011-02-
~?~~1
.
Maintenance and calibration of larviciding equipment in the early spring.
Larval surveys in the spring, once snow melt and hatching begins.
Larviciding of snowmelt mosquito breeding sites. ..
Monitoring of rainfall and temperature to anticipate summer mosquito hatching.
Larval surveys of summer, floodwater breeding sites. .
Larvicidlng of floodwater mosquito larval breeding sites following each significant rainfall.
.
.
.
.
.
-
Typically¡ as mosquito larval breeding sites are identified and ranked¡ operations crews are assigned to
apply the chosen larvicide to the specified sites. The larvicide is then applied, according to any permit
conditions and all label directions and precautions. Surveillance or supervisory staff should randomly
check the treated breeding sites, within a few days of treatment, to ensure that the larvicide applications
were effective.
In some cases, where the larvicide was only partially effective, residual adulticide treatments may be
made to vegetation surrounding the breeding site to kill any emerging adult mosquitoes. In other cases,
the breeding site may be assessed to determine if it can be filled or drained to prevent or minimize future
mosquito breeding. . .
3.2.7
Monitoring the Effectiveness of Larviciding
Individual pools can be selected to assess the effectiveness of a specific larvicide. Larval sampling is
done on the pools, before and after treatment, to determine the number of larvae per dip or per square
meter. Typically, a larvicide will give >95% control within 24 hours of treatment. If all label directions
were followed and the larvicide still gave significantly less than 95% control, that batch of the larvicide
shouJd be tested more rigorously to determine if it meets specifications. Rigorous testing may include
controlled bioassays and chemical or biological assays, depending on the product involved.
A laryiciding program may be evaluated by various methods. Citizen complaints of intolerable levels of
mosquitoes or higher than expected numbers of mosquitoes collected in landing counts or mosquito traps
may indicate a failure of the overall mosquito larviciding program. .
-
Such a failure may be due to weather conditions. Strong winds may have brought mosquitoes into the
municipality from outside the control zone immediately following larviciding. This may indicate the need
to extend the control out further around the municipality. High temperatures, in the days following the
mosquito hatch, may have accelerated mosquito development and allowed many adultsto emerge before
the entire control zone could be treated. This may indicate inadequate staff and equipment for the size
of the control zone. In addition¡ operator error or improper calibration of insecticide application
equipment can result in less than optimum levels of larval control.
3.3
Mosquito Adulticiding
3.3.1
Rationale for Mosquito Adulticiding
Mosquito adulticiding is normally started if:
.
Mosquito larviciding has failed to control the larvae present.
Adult mosquitoes have blown in from outside the larviciding zone.
Funds do not permit an adequate larvlciding program.
Adult mosquitoes reach annoying levels.
A mosquito-borne disease threat was apparent.
.
.
.
.
17
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ATTACHMENT#.l... TO REPORT#~ 0\1-02-
,~y1lø1 ','
Mosquito light trap collectionsand/or mosquito biting counts would normally determine the need for
adulticiding.
39
3.3.1.1
Mosquito Trap Counts
-.
Mosquito light traps are an objective measure of mosquito activity. The New Jersey Light Trap (NJL T) is
the standard mechanical mosquito light trap used In most mosquito control programs. The NJL Twas
developed at Rutgers University In the 19305. Because NJL Ts usually operate in the same locations for
many years (they require 110 VAC power)/ the historical monitoring data become valuable for
documenting the long-term changes in mosquito populations. Although NJL Ts are usually operated
overnight (using a timer), the number of trap sites and the frequency of trapping vary among mosquito
control programs.
Many programs also use Center for Disease Control light traps (CDC traps) to monitor adult mosquitoes.
The CDC trap is a miniature version of the NJL T that operates on 6 VDC and can be used anywhere. It
costs less to purchase than the NJL T/ does not require permanent installation, and collects only
mosquitoes. Some mosquito control programs use carbon dioxide (either dry ice or bottled gas) or
octanol as a supplemental bait for the CDC trap. As with the NJL Ts, there is no standard design for
placing or operating CDC traps.
Mosquito traps are generally located In a known mosquito area, out of sight from the public, and in as
secure a spot as possible. Some organizations place them in parks and golf courses; others place them
in the backyards of people who volunteer to assistin the program.
Long-term, monitoring adult mosquitoes will indicate where mosquitoes are a regular problem and where
preventive measures (including source reduction and larviciding) need more attention. Both of the above
traps are available In Canada from Pestalto (see supplier listing for full contact details) or can be ordered
directly from the manufacturers.
Before adulticiding campaigns are undertaken to control nuisance mosquitoes, the NJLT collections should
average more than 25 adult female mosquitoes per trap per night for 3 consecutive nights. This value
recognizes that some traps may collect low numbers and others high numbers of mosquitoes on any
given night as a result of their placement. It also recognizes that mosquito activity may be unusually
high or low, depending on Weather conditions, on any given night.
-.
There does not appear to be a standard number of mosquitoes collected per trap per night with the CDC
traps. Because there are several different designs, light sources, and baits associated with these traps,
comparisons are difficult.
3.3.1.2
Landing Biting Counts
Mosquito landing and/or biting counts can also be used as an index of mosquito activity. The counts, '
carried out according to standard methods, should average 1+ bite per minute over a la-minute period at
sunset before application of adulticides to control nuisance mosquitoes are started.
Although mainly used to justify mosquito adulticiding, these counts have several other uses:
.
Justification for source reduction projects.
Evaluating the effectiveness of adulticiding.
Locating major larval habitats.
Assessing the vector potential of biting populations.
Determining where to place light traps.
.
.
.
.
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40
Þ;rTACHMENT#"'&' TO REPORT#j~§ ð11-02
~S"~ ~ 7
.
Improving larval surveillance.
Comparing biting populations versus light trap data.
.
When arbovirus activity has been documented in an area, counts should be restricted to landing counts
only (i.e., subjects do not allow the mosquitoes to bite). Landing counts are easy to do and require
minimal gear. It is best if two people work together as a team. Instructions can be as simple as:
.
Wear dark-coloured coveralls, a bee veil (over a hat), and thin disposable gloves.
Do not wear repellents, after-shaves, or perfumes.
Go to the location at dusk, selecting a grassy area in the shade and out of the wind.
Count the mosquitoes landing on the front of the other person over a la-minute period.
.
-
.
.
If the mosquitoes are collected from the other person, as they land, making counts is less confusing and
enables the collected mosquitoes to be identified at a later time. If only one person is available, simply
count the mosquitoes landing within view. Use the sample form for record-keeping. Mosquitoes coming
to bite and landing on the front of the body can be counted over a .lO-minute period.
Dividing the total count by 10 will give an average landing count of "x mosquitoes/minute" for that time
and location. Usually, when mosquitoes exceed 1 mosquito/minute, they have reached a level that will
not be tolerated by most people.
These NJLT and landing count values (25 females per trap per night and 1 landing/biting count per
minute at dusk) are comparable and they also seem to match the public's tolerance of nuisance
mosquitoes, in areas where mosquito control is routinely undertaken. Likewise, when these values are
exce~ded, the public usually demands an adult mosquito control program. The exact abundance of adult
mosqû'ttoes that would result in adulticiding, when arbovirus activity is detected in an area, is unknown;
howevèr, the "trigger values" for nuisance adult mosquito control can be used as a guide. -
3.3.1.3
Vector Surveillance Traps
If there is a threat of an encephalitis outbreak, the rationale for adulticiding is slightly different. Mosquito
vector surveillance may include the techniques and equipment that are used in the monitoring of
nuisance mosquitoes (noted above) plus some specialized methods¡ equipment and materials.
""...
Live mosquitoes are usually collected to determine the percentage of suspected vector species.that are
infected with the virus and their reproductive age. Live or dead mosquitoes are-collected to obtain an
estimate of the population size of the mosquito vectors.
The most commonly used trap for live collections of vector mosquitoes is the CDC miniature light trap
(e.g., Hock's New Standard Miniature UV Light Trap Model 1212) baited with dry ice. The efficiency of
this trap can be enhanced by placing it close to an oviposition site that Is attractive to the adult female
mosquitoes of Culex species. Thistrap will collect some female mosquitoes which have already laid eggs
and may be infected with a virus.
Female mosquitoes of the Cx. pipiens complex are less readily attracted to a CDC trap, baited with dry
ice, than they are to a NJLT. Other collecting methods must be used. Traps baited with chickens work
well for Cx. pipiens. In areas where arbovirus activity is documented, the use of CDC gravid traps (I.e.,
traps that collect egg-laying female mosquitoes) would be useful for assessing the prevalence of Infection
in Culex species mosquitoes. Chicken-baited shed traps have been used to collect CX. tarsalis In southern
Canada. Counts of vector mosquitoes can be used to assess their activity throughout the season and to
compare their activity over the years. .
19
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3.3.2
ArTACH MENT #-~ ~'f;REPORT # CJ.~ 017 '"02-
Information Required for Effective Adulticiding
41
Mosquito control programs use one or more of the above methods to measure adult mosquito
populations before a decision to control adult mosquitoes is made. Before adulticides are be applied, an
adult mosquito-monitoring program should detect an increase in the population above a predetermined
baseline (e.g., 25 female mosquitoes per NJLT for three consecutive nights), though this threshold may
not be precisely known for all mosquito-borne diseases. Alternativèly, the risk of disease transmission in
an area may call for immediate adulticiding, even when the nuisance mosquito population is below the
normal numerical threshold for taking such action.
-
3.3.3
Mosquito Adulticides
In nuisance mosquito control operations, applying products to control adult mosquitoes is a "last resort".
Most mosquito control work goes on throughout the spring and summer, "behind the scenes", using
source reduction and larviciding. Controlling adult mosquitoes is more difficult because they are spread
out and moving. When there is a serious threat to public or animal health because of a mosquito-
transmitted virus, applying adultìcides may be a necessary first course of action, to reduce the Ç3bundance
of potentially infected host-seeking females.
Although there are a number of factors to consider when selecting an adulticide (e.g., method of
application, efficacy under certain environmental conditions, impact on the environment and non-target
organisms, cost and availability, etc.), it is recommended that only products with a history of use in
Canada and recent human health and environmental risk assessments, conducted by the US
Environmental Protection Agency or the PMRA of Health Canada, be used. When applied using ground-
based equipment, malathion and chlorpyrifos meet these criteria. However, malathion is the only product
currently registered for aerial application which satisfies these criteria. Alternative application techniques
(e.g., thermal fogging or residual sprays) or other registered adulticides (e.g.[ resmethrin or propoxur)
could be used, if the recommended ones are not readily available. Appendix C provides a list of
adulticides currently registered in Canada.
3.3.4
Adulticiding Equipment
3.3.4.1
Equipment Used for Residual or Barrier Treatments:
-
One way to control adult mosquitoes is to use barrier spray treatments. This involves spraying a dilute
insecticide onto a band of vegetation surrounding the area to be protected (e.g., a backyard, a cemetery,
a park, or a golf course). The treatment leaves the insecticide on plant leaf surfaces. When mosquitoes
. fly from the harborage or resting areas (e.g., nearby woods) through this zone, they land on the treated
vegetation and die or they are repelled and do not move into the open to bite. Only chlorpyrifos,
methoxychlor and permethrin are registered for this type of application in Canada, and permethrin is not
intended for perimeter control around large areas such as parks.
Equipment for such applications varies with the size of the area to be protected. It can range from a
small hand sprayer to a motorized backpack sprayer to larger truck or aircraft-mounted units.
3.3.4.2
Equipment Used for Large-Area ULV Treatments
Ultralow volume sprayers (sometimes called cold foggers) produce clouds of tiny droplets that slowly drift
downwind from the sprayer, killing any mosquitoes that are contacted. The droplets are usually less than
25 microns (5-20 micron range) in diameter (human hair is about 100 microns thick) and typically are
broken down rapidly (within hours) after insecticide application. Because the distribution of the droplets
depends on air currents and temperature, care must be exercised in determining when to carry out the
20
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42
ATTACHMENT # ~TO REPORT # ~ 6\ 7 -02-
'J; 7 -~ ~ 7 .
treatments. Likewise, to maximize the efficiency of an adulticiding program, spray programs should be
conducted under conditions that favour mosquito activity (i.e., low winds and warm temperatures) and
when mosquitoes are most active (i.e., during the evening or early morning hours prior to dawn and
shortly after dusk).
-
A low level temperature inversion helps to hold the droplets low to the ground and consistent light wind
(15 km/h maximum) serves to propel it through the habitat. Under good conditions, such as a
temperature inversion with a slight breeze, an effective swath Width up to 100 m or more may be
obtained with truck-mounted equipment. For large areas, a heavy-duty, skid-mounted, gasoline-
powered, ULV sprayer is needed. The units can be truck-mounted to facilitate treatment of large areas.
These truck-mounted units are substantial (and expensive) pieces of spray equipment. The ULV liquid
tank usually has a capacity of 20 L. It is normally mounted on a half-ton pickup truck. The driver can
operate the equipment remotely from the cab of the vehicle.
Flow controllers are available that automatically adjust flow rates to match vehicle speed. The ULV flow
unit can be programmed to shut off whenever the when the vehicle stops. Some of the newer flow
controllers are GPS-guided. The vehicle speed, path and output can be satellite-guided and monitored.
There are several manufacturers of ULV aerosol generators designed for mosquito control (see Appendix
G for supplier listings).
3.3.4.3
Equipment Used for Small-Area ULV Treatments
There are very few good sprayers of this type and size. These small sprayers are either carried using a
handgrip and/or shoulder strap or are backpack-mounted. A small gasoline engine powers them. Using
a special nozzle, an air blast breaks the liquid concentrate up into very small droplets. They are most
commonly used for adult mosquito control around tents, buildings, and small recreational areas. Few
seerp to be designed for rugged use in the field. .
Note that some workers, after hand holding these units for several hours per day, have reported
symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. If purchasing one of the hand-held units, it would be best to order
the optional shoulder sling to minimize this problem (see Appendix G for supplier listings).
3.3.5
Adulticiding Permit
-
As noted above, the licensing and permit system is the key mechanism used by the provinces to control
pesticide use. A permit may be required by the municipality for the application of a mosquito adulticide
in public parks and golf courses or on residential streets and lanes. A municipality considering a
mosquito adulticiding program should contact their provincial environment department (well before
starting) to determine if a permit is required.
Note that a provincial permit for mosquito adulticiding may set conditions that restrict the use of the
adulticide beyond those already specified on the product label. Conditions may include the publication of
an official notice to the public and/or the setting of distances for an untreated buffer zone around
residents not wishing their properties to be included, exclude certain types of properties (e.g., school
grounds, hospital grounds). .
Municipalities considering mosquito adulticiding as a possible component of their mosquito control
program are advised to determine the conditions for such a permit well in advance of the mosquito
season.
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AITACH¡V¡ENT#L TO REPORT#.Q.~ 0\ 7 -02..
~~ 1&1
43
3.3.6
Public Notice of Spray Operations
Requirements vary between provinces but some sort of public notice of planned spray operations is
usually required. Organizations usually issue a public notice in local newspapers, stating which
insecticides they will be using for which insect problems.
Persons with sensitive medical conditions may request and be granted an untreated buffer zone around
their properties.
If the public is concerned about insecticides, they should monitor the daily news for spray schedules and
they can be advised to take these precautions:
-
.
Whenever possible, remain indoors when spraying is taking place.
Close windows during the evening hours.
If you have to remain outdoors, avoid eye contact with the spray. If you get drops of the
insecticide spray in your eyes, immediately rinse them with water or eye drops.
Wash exposed skin surfaces with soap and water if you come in contact with insecticide.
Wash homegrown fruits and vegetables with water before cooking or eating them.
Cover outdoor tables and play equipment or rinse them off with water after spraying is finished.
Bring laundry, toys, and pets indoors before spraying begins.
Cover ornamental fish ponds to avoid direct exposure.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Organizations can be proactive with pesticide-related health concerns by using the least-toxic materials in
their mosquito control programs and by ensuring that the public is fully aware of the reasons for choosing
a given insecticide.
3.3.7
Adulticiding Procedures
When a larviciding program fails to provide adequate mosquito control, two procedures may be followed
to reduce adult mosquito levels: residual adulticide treatments and ULV treatments.
First, residual adulticide treatments may be made to mosquito resting sites. Mosquitoes resting in these
areas may be killed for several days after treatment, depending on the residual activity of the insecticide
that is used. Resting sites include:
-
Vegetation surrounding larval breeding sites to kill any emerging adult mosquitoes.
Vegetation surrounding breeding sites that cannot be treated with larvicide (e.g., wildlife refuge).
Vegetation surrounding an area to be protected (e.g.,outer margins of a park).
Vegetation in wide, grasSy ditches where mosquitoes rest during the day.
Second, ULV spraying may be carried out in recreational and/or residential areas. When objective data
indicates an adult mosquito nuisance or disease problem, ULV treatments usually begin as soon as
possible. A typical sequence of evenb? is as follows:
.
.
.
.
.
Above-tolerable mosquito levels or disease risk Is apparent.
Public notice of the problem and a schedule for the planned spray program is given.
Crews are assigned areas to treat, usually In the evening hours, between dusk and dawn.
Areas are treated, usually beginning in recreational areas or the worst infested residential area.
Areas are treated on a rotational basis until the problem is resolved.
.
.
.
.
22
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3.3.8
i .1.'I'~A(~HMEN.r ff :JJ"'" TO
A ,""' IT """',.._".~
;;q 1~ 7
Monitoring Effectiveness of Adulticiding
n:,øGS 011-02.
44
Small areas can be selected to assess the effectiveness of a specific adulticide. Landing counts are made,
before and after treatment, to determine the number of landing adults per minute. Typically, a mosquito
adulticide will give >85% control within 8 hours of treatment. If all label directions were followed and
the adulticide gave significantly less than 85% control, that batch of the adulticide should be tested to
determlné'ìf It meets chemical specifications. Reduced levels of control can be caused by reduced
potency of insecticide due to poor (or extended) storage conditions. Rigoroustesting may also include
caged mosquito bioassays.
-
An adulticiding program may be evaluated by various methods. Continuing citizen complaints of
intolerable levels of mosquitoes or higher than expected numbers of mosquitoes collected in landing
counts or mosquito traps, after the ULV treatment, may indicate a failure of the overall mosquito
adulticiding program. '
Such failures are usually the result of limited operational resources. There may not be as many operators
and ULV sprayers available as necessary to treat the entire control zone in a timely manner. Although
only one operator-ULV unit may be adequate for a small town, 15-20 operator-ULV units may be required
for a large city. Similarly road access may have an impact on effectiveness of control when truck-
mounted adulticiding equipment is used. Spray equipment mounted on ATVs can provide access to
remote areas (i.e., bicycle pathways, walking trails, golf courses, etc.) that may harbour significant
, numbers of adult mosquitoes. As with application of larvicides, operator error that results in improper
application rates or calibration of spray equipment can also lead to reduced levels of adult mosquito
control. Unfortunately, because most mosquito control organizations emphasize larviciding, they are
under-equipped when the need for adulticiding becomes apparent.
4.
Record-keeping
4.1-
Legal Requirements
-
All pesticide use programs in Canada require some record-keeping. Most provinces require detailed
records of when and where pesticides are used, the kinds and amounts used, who made the applications,
the weather conditions occurring during the treatment, and the areas involved. In addition, some
agencies require that all treatments be justified through pest monitoring surveys and records.
To facilitate record-keeping by municipalities carrying out mosquito larviciding and adulticiding, several
basic record forms have been deveJoped(see Appendix A) that will allow municipalities to record larval
. and adult mosquito surveys and larviciding and adulticiding.operations. ,
Most mosquito control agencies maintain a host of other records directly relating to mosquito control
operations. These other records may- include: .
.
Employee classroom and on~the-job training.
Occupational safety and health training and information distribution.
Employee health records.
Citizen inquiries and complaints.
.
.
.
All of the forms that are used can be filled out manually or be converted so they can be used to make
computer records directly in the office or field. Computerized record-keeping is the most efficient means
of completing, maintaining, and summarizing mosquito surveillance and control operations.
23
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ATTACHMENT#.~ TO REPORT # Dee. 017 -D2.
tf<J1b1 _.Y
45
4.2
Computerized Record-keeping System
Although some mosquito control agencies have developed special databases for their records{ a new
software program has recently become available that is specially designed for this purpose. It is called
the "Vector Control Management System"4 or VCMS.
It is an integrated database{ computer mapping, and field data collection system designed for mosquito
control organizations. It includes modules for:
-
.
Logging and tracking of citizen complaints and service requests.
Mosquito collection and trapping.
Insecticide applications and regulatory reports.
Tracking of work assignments, including detailed daily time and task recording.
Virus testing (sentinel flocks, mosquito pools{ etc.) and related lab reporting.
Mosquito breeding and trap site mapping.
.
.
.
.
.
Although this system could be used on a laptop computer in the field, it can also be combined with Palm
Pilot and Windows CE devices for ease of field data collection.
5.
Assessing Proposals for Mosquito Control Services
Although most municipalities prefer to carry out their own mosquito control program, some municipalities
may prefer to hire a professional mosquito control service. Selecting a mosquito control service best
suited to a municipality's needs is not an easy task. There. are several things to consider.
First, consider the legalities. Anyone performing commercial pest control must be licensed in the
province involved. Make sure that the company that you deal with uses only employees that have valid
mosquito control applicator licenses to perform services that you need. Operators of mosquito control
equipment must be trained not only in the proper use and maintenance of the equipment but also in the
proper application of the insecticide that they are using.
Second, investigate such services carefully and well in advance of the need. Although mosquitoes can
cause a significant problem if left unchecked{ do not rush to make a decision about mosquito control
services. It is better to spend a few extra days or weeks evaluating the safest, most effective{ and
economical way to solve the problem.
-
. Review the listing of the major companies in Canada involved in mosquito control provided in Appendices
E and G. Also, consult with provincial regulatory officials to determine who else might be licensed to
provide the full range of services that you require in your area of the province.
Talk with mosquito control workers in other municipalities to see if they have used such services or have
used the company that you are considering. Find out which companies have done a good job and why.
Ask about their particular mosquito problem, the services the company provided, how satisfied they were
with the results, and the company's fees. A reputable, experienced company will be glad to provide
references for you on work done in other municipalities. Ask for the names and telephone numbers of
key contacts in those other municipalities.
Because mosquito control, whether it be mosquito larviciding or mosquito adulticiding, must be based on
good surveillance data, determine who is best suited to provide this in~ormation (i.e., the municipality,
4 For more information, contact sales@htex.comor telephone 1-866-425-5832).
24
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46
ArTACHMENT#~TOREPORT#JJ.!#j -0/1-02...
ttl1b1
another independent company, or the company paid to conduct the adulticiding or larviciding).
Remember that any statements made by the company that larviciding or adulticiding is necessary must
be supported by valid data.
. Reputable firms will give you the names of the products that they intend to use and provide you with
information on any required precautionary measures. You should be able to obtain a copy of the
Canadian product labels and material safety data sheets upon request. If a pest control service is unable,
reluctant, or unwilling to provide any of this information, seriously consider hiring another company.
_.
Talk with representatives from several mosquito control companies and get written quotations. Get all of
the facts and details straight before signing a contract. You should have several companies assess the
problem and present a plan for correcting it. The lowest bidder or the firm in your area may not
necessarily provide all the services you need. Check with the Better Business Bureau in their area to see
if any complaints have been lodged against the company.
A detailed, written proposal should be obtained prior to any mosquito control work. The written contract
should include a complete listing of all of the services and costs included. The services to be performed
must be fully documented.
Ask for a complete inventory of the mosquito surveillance and spray equipment that the firm intends to
use in your municipality (including a detailed description of the type and number of units in good working
condition).
Don't settle for a contract or an invoice that simply says, for example, "mosquito control". If the
mosqpito control company needs to treat specific areas, these areas should be listed. The name,
concentration, and total volume of any insecticide to be used should also be stated on the contract or
invoige.
..
Dete~mine the steps you need to take (e.g., issuance of a public notice) before the mosquito control
program begins. This helps everything go smoothly during the program and ensures that you receive
maximum results. Double check that everything is understandable and reasonable before you enter into
a contract.
-
Good communication with your mosquito company helps prevent misunderstandings and problems. The
mosquito control professional serVicing your municipality considers you a valued customer and is there to
help you. Never hesitate to ask questions about the service you are receiving.
6.
Mosquito Control Resources
There is no shortage of information available on mosquito biology and control or disease vector
surveillance and control. Experts in government, industry, and universities who can be consulted about
mosquito control. Mosqui~o control workers in municipalities across Canada can advise on the practical' ,
aspects of mosquito surveillance and control. Suppliers can be contacted regarding the prices and .
availability of services, equipment and materials. Research can be done on the Internet by visiting
mosquito control related websites. Reports and publications on mosquito biology and control can be
obtained for in-depth study.
A series of appendices, listed below, has been attached to facilitate the implementation of new mosquito
control programs.
25
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ArrACHMENT # ~3 TO REPORT #~. 0 17 - 0 J-
1f'l~~1
7.
List of Appendices
To facilitate the implementation of a municipal mosquito surveillance and control program and the
location of key resources, a series of appendices have been attached to this report:
-
Appendix A. Larval and Adult Mosquito Survey and Control Forms.
Appendix B. Mosquito Larvicides in Canada.
Appendix C. Mosquito Adulticides in Canada.
Appendix D. Larval Sampling Procedure.
Appendix E. Mosquito Workers.
Appendix F. Government Officials.
Appendix G. Suppliers Of Services, Equipment And Materials.
Appendix H. Mosquito Control Related Websites.
Appendix 1. Technical Reports and Publications.
Appendix J. Glossary of Technical Terms.
-
~
47
26
48
ATTACHMENT#L TO REPORT#j~~~ oI1--DJ..¡
W)~ b 1
Appendix A. Larval and Adult Mosquito Survey and Control Forms.
LARVAL MOSQUITO SURVEY FORM
COLLECTION DATA
Date:
Location No.:
Collector's Neme:
-
Location Description (if no location no.):
BREEDING SITE DESCRIPTION
Site Type (Check one): Catch Basin - Tire Dump - Tire - Watering Trough - Artificial Container - Roadside Ditch - Right-of-Way Ditch-
Woodland Pool- Field Pool- Sewage Lagoon - Dugout - Creek - Culvert - Slough - Pond - Rock Pool: - Tree Hole: -
Other Type of Site
Pool Length (m): ~ Width (m): - Depth (m):
Emergent Vegetation: NiI- Low - Mod. - High -
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING
Pool rating: NiI- Low - Moderate - High -
Dip No.
No. of Larvae
Cumulative No.
Dip No.
No. Larvae
Cumulative No.
-
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
SPECIES
IDENTIFICATION
Species Code
No. Identified
Species Code
No. Identified
Species Code
No. Identified
27
-.
AfT ACHMENT # -;- ~ fPORT# ...@SOIl-D2
. LARVAL MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT FORM
49
APPLICATION DATA
Date:
Location:
Applicator's Name:
Applicator's Rank:
Applicator's Position:
-.
TARGET MOSQUITO LARVAE
Aedes: - Culex: - Culiseta: - Ochlerotatus:- Anopheles: - Coquillettid@: - Psorophora: -
Other (specify):
LARVICIDE USED
Active Ingredient::
Product Name:
PCPA Reg. No.:
Application Rate Used:
Amount Used:
Wind speed: - kmlh
Ambient Temperature: - deg. C
Spray Equipment Used:
Specific Areas Treated (indicate number of hectares for each area):
-
PERSONNEL INVOLVED
Authorized br
Name:
Rank:
Signature:
Application made by:
Name:
Rank:
Signature:
28
-
50
t2{rTACHMENT# J d',° REPORJ#.i).~ 017-07-.
~!i1~1 .
ADULT MOSQUITO SURVEY FORM
COLLECTION DATA
Date:
Location No.:
Collector's Name:
-
Location Description (if no location no.):
-
HABITAT DESCRIPTION
Habitat Type (Check one): Playground - Sports Field - Golf Course"":' Swimming Pool - Backyard - Undeveloped Area -
Woodland - Landfill - Sewage Lagoon - Schoolyard - Other Type of Site
Special Characteristics:
Weedy Vegetation: NiI- Low - Mod. - High -
LANDING-BITING COUNTS (10 minutes each)
Time of Day:
h
Count Number
No. of Mosquitoes
Count Number
No. of Mosquitoes
Count Number
No. of Mosquitoes
1 .<
2
3
4
5
6
7
11
12
13
14
15
8
9
10
Average No. of Landing or Biting Mosquitoes per Minute (based on minimum of 10 minutes)
Mosquitoes/Minute
-
SPECIES IDENTIFICATION
. Species Code
No. Identified
Species Code
No.ldenlffied
Species Code
No. Idenlffied
29
-
ArTACHMENT#,",~.2L. TO REPOo'roU ()~.;::-S. 61ì-D~
. ~4~1& 7 1\ ~.,,=,._,,~ .
ADULT MOSQUITO CONTROL FORM
51
APPLICATION DATA
Date:
Location:
Applicator's Name:
Applicator's Rank: .
Applicator's Position:
,.-
TARGET ADULT MOSQUITOES
Aedes: - Ochlerotatus: - Culex: - Culiseta: - Anopheles: - Coquillettidia: - Psorophora:-
Other (specify):
ADUL TICIDE USED
Active Ingredient:
Product Name:
PCPA Reg. No.:
Application Rate Used:
Amount Used:
Wind speed: - kmlh
. Ambient Temperature: - deg. C
Spray Equipment Used:
Specific Areas Treated (indicate number of hectares for each area):
-
PERSONNEL INVOLVED
Authorized by:
Name:
Position:
Signature:
Application made by:
Name:
Position:
Signature:
30
-
AfTACHM ENT # 2- TO REPORT #=0.[$ ð 17 -D 2..
52 ~71~ ì
Appendix B. Products registered for larval mosquito control in Canada.
Active Registrant Reg. Product Names
Ingredient no.
B116 Abbott Laboratories 19455 Vectobac 600L Biological Larvicide
Ltd.
19466 Vectobac-200G Biological Larvicide
,....
21062 Vectobac 1200L Biological Larvicide
Pestalto 26860 Aquabac xt
26863 Aquabac 200G (18.1 kg bag)
26862 Aquabac 200G (5 kg bag)
Thermo Trilogy 19241 Teknar HP-D Larvicide for Mosquito and Blackfly
Corporation7 Control
19239 Teknar Granules Larvicide for Mosquito Control
Chlorpyrifos Dew Agrosciences 12223 Dursban 21/2 G Insecticide Granules
Canada Inc.
Makhteshim Agan N.A. 23704 Pyrate 480 EC for Non-Food Uses
United Agrí Products 24649 Klor 2.5 G Insecticide Granules
Diflubenzuron Uniroyal Chemical Ltd. 13816 Dimilin 25% 'fJP Insecticide Insect Growth Regulator
Fenthion Ditchling Corp. Ltd. 10146 Fenthion SOE EC Insecticide
Malathion Cheminova Inc. 4590 Fyfanon Emulsifiable Concentrate Insecticide
. ,.... Ditchlìng Corp.. Ltd 9975 Malathion 50E Emulsifiable Liquid Insecticide
Sanex Agro Inc. 16099 Wilson Malathion 50 E.C, Liquid Insecticide
Methoprene Wellmark International 21809 Altosid Pellets Mosquito Growth Regulator
5 Some of the products in this listing are currently under fe-evaluation by Health Canada's Pest
Management Regulatory Agency (e.g" chlorpyrifos and fenthion) and may cease to be available or may
become highly restricted in the near future. .
6 BT! = Bacíl/us thuríngiensis israe/ensis,
7 GDG Environnement Ltee., 375, rue Vechon, Cap~de-Ia-Madeleine, QC G8T 8P6, Tel 819-373-3097, Fax
819-373-6832, supply Vectobac. Pestalto (Dr. Barry Tyler), R.R. #2, Erin, Ontario, NOB lTO, Telephone
519-833-0084, Fax 519-833-0084, http://www.pestalto.com, supply Aquabac. Sylvico Inc., 195 St.
Charles Street West, Suite 305, Longueuil, QC J4H lC8, Tel 450-646-4746, Fax 450-646-5532. Email:
rejean.bergevin@sylvico.com, supply Teknar.
31
....
ArrACHMENT#~ TO REPORT#_~~~ 6 f7 ~D2
1~1~1
53
Appendix C. Products registered for adult mosquito control in Canada.
Active Number of products & registration numbers8 Method of application
in redients
Ultralow volume (ULV) sprays
Malathion OP (5). Reg. Nos. 9337, 16099, 16198,23840, 25638 Ground or Air
~ Propoxur CA (6). Reg. Nos. 11029, 11313, 13212, 15565, Ground or Air
16069,24380
Dichlorvos OP (5). Reg. Nos. 13349, 16476,19680, 22761, Ground only
23914
Resmethrin py (1). Reg. No. 15187 Ground only
Pyrethrins py (3). Reg. Nos. 11855, 13378, 14632 Ground only
Fogs or residual sprays
Malathion OP (3). Reg. Nos. 4590, 9975, 16099 fog (ground)
Chlorpyrifos OP (3). Reg. Nos. 23704,24414,24945 residual spray (ground)
Dichlorvos OP (8). Reg. Nos. 11819, 13349, 16476, 19680, thermal fog (ground)
22761,22776,22777
Propoxur CA (7). Reg. Nos. 13212, 13934, 14832, 15565, thermal fog (ground)
22590, 24380
Methoxychlor OC (1). Reg. No. 13727 thermal fog (ground),
residual spray (air)
Pyrethrins py (1). Reg. No. 21384 fog (ground)
: : ÇA = carbamate; OC=organochlorine¡ OP = organophosphate¡ PY = pyrethroid
a The registration numbers of these products are provided as examples only. This list will soon become outdated
because many of the insecticides are currently under re-evaluation.
-
32
-
54
,ATTACHMENT # L TO REPORT ## ~ 017" Ó 2
~~1lÞ 7
Appendix D. Larval Sampling Procedure.
A standard system for sampling mosquito breeding sites will save time and simplify record-keeping. A
sequential sampling technique, such as that developed by Wada (1965) and used by several Canadian
municipalities, can be used to estimate larval abundance and to determine if larviciding is necessary. The
method described below enables an inspector to rank a pool as without larvae or with larvae at a low{
moderate or high level. Depending on the time and mosquito management resources that are available,
this sampling system allows one to decide on which level of pools to treat.
-
If there was sufficient time and resources{ pools that were ranked as medium or high could be treated.
If not, only the high-ranked pools would be treated. Unless very large in size, the pools ranked low
would contain too few mosquitoes to justify treatment. If the number of pools involved in the control
program are all relatively small and few in number (e.g., less than 150), a priority system might be
established to treat only those pools with moderate or high numbers of larvae.
The larval survey form (shown in Appendix A) can be used by the person carrying out the survey of larval
breeding sites. It is based Qn the following sequential sampling table:
Cumulative Number of Mosquito Larvae
Number of Dips Low Moderate High
1 > 31
2 > 36
3 > 41
4 2-3 > 46
5 4-5 > 51
6 5-7 > 56
7 7 - 10 > 61
8 7 - 15 > 66
9 1 7 - 20 > 71
10 1-2 7 - 30 > 76
-
Thus{ the pool sampled is ranked by the surveyor using the following method:
.
If the number of larvae collected in at least 5 dips is 31 or more, the site is rated as "high".
If only 1 or 2 larvae are collected in 10 dips, the site is rated as "low".
If no larvae are collected{ the site is rated as "nil". .
10 dips must be taken to distinguish between "moderate' and "high".
.
.
.
Note that, if the surface.area of the larval breeding site is greater than 50 m by 50 m (2500 m2), then
the number of dips taken must be doubled.
As a result of the above information sheet and map records{ a mosquito abatement operation will
become much easier with time. The importance of such larval surveys will diminish as the years pass and
the survey approaches completion. However, it must be remembered that each new land development
may change the number and location of breeding sites. In addition{ there will always be an ever
changing number and distribution of container breeding sites that require monitoring, not so much for
the number but rather the kinds of mosquitoes present. .
33
-
ArrACHMENT#_~... TO REPORT#~§:.~ 017-02-
56i~7
55
!
Appendix E. Mosquito Workers.
There are a number of mosquito biology and control experts in Canada. Some are private consultants
while others are municipal officials or university researchers. Possible contacts include:
Consultants
-
Dr. Roy Ellis
Prairie Pest Management
PO Box 757
Carman, MB ROG OJO
Tel 204-745-6200, Fax 204-745-6200
Email: royellis@mb.sympatico.ca
Services: Consults on all aspects of integrated pest management, including the methods, materials, and
equipment used in mosquito surveillance and control.
Municipal Mosquito Control Workers
Jeffrey Balone, Foreman, Pest Management
City of Saskatoon, Infrastructure Services Department
1101 Ave. P North
Saskatoon, SK Canada S5L 7K6
Tel 306-975-2766
Email: jeffrey.balone@city.saskatoon.sk.ca
Services: Can advise on mosquito control methods, materials, and equipment.
Bill Boieeie
City of Port Coquitlam
2580 Shaughnessy Street
Port Coquitlam, BC V3C 2AB
Tel 604-944-5447, Fax 604-944~5448
Email: wboieeie@hotmail.com
Services: Can advise on mosquito control methods, materials, and equipment.
-
Randy Gadawski
City of Winnipeg Insect Control Branch
15 Conservatory Drive
Winnipeg, MB R3P 2NS
Tel 204-986-3794
Fax 204-986-4050
Email: rgadawsk@city.winnipeg.mb.ca
Services: Directs the largest mosquito control program in Canada and can provide advice on methods,
materials, and equipment used in mosquito surveillance and control.
Grant Moir
City of Red Deer
PO Box 5008
Red Deer, AB T4N 3T4
Tel 403-342-8159
Email: Not available
Services: Can advise on mosquito control methods, materials, and equipment.
34
-
56
,!\'rrACH~1ENT # ~&..TO REPORT #....Q,,€"S () 17 -01-
51 1~7
Wade Morrow
City of Regina
2476 Victoria Avenue
Regina, SK S4P 3C8
Tel 306-777-7731
Email: wmorrow@cityregina.com
Services: Can advise on mosquito control methods, materials, and equipment.
-
Todd Reichardt
Park Development & Operations #82
Community Vitality & Protection
P.O. Box 2100 Stn "M"
Calgary, Alberta CA .
Tel 403-221-3977, Fax 403-221-3982
Email todd.reichardt@gov.calgary.ab.ca
Services: Can advise on mosquito control methods, materials, and equipment.
Chris Saunders
City of Edmonton Community Services
River Valley, Forestry & Environmental Services
PO Box 2359
Edmonton, AB T5J 2R7
Tel 403-496-6395, Fax 403-496-4978
Email: chris.saunders@gov.edmonton.ab.ca
Services: Can advise on mosquito control methods, materials, and equipment.
Jeff Scott, Assistant General Director,
Greater Moncton Mosquito Control Commission
City Hall, 655 Main Street Moncton, NB Canada, EIC lE8
Tel: (506) 859-2605 (506) 859-2670 Fax: (506) 853-3543
Email: jeff.scott@moncton.org .
Services: The Greater Moncton Pest Control Commission follows an Integrated Pest Management model
in its efforts to control mosquitoes. The Commission has information on its mosquito control program
annually conducted in the greater Moncton area.
-
University Researchers
Dr. Rob Anderson
Department of Biological Sciences
Simon Fraser University
Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6
Tel 604-291-4462, Fax 604-291-3496
Email: raa@sfu.ca
Services: Can provide advice on methods, materials, and equipment used in mosquito surveillance and
control. (Note: Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3B 2E9, as of July 1, 2001)
35
-
Dr. Jacques Boisvert
Department of Biology
University of Quebec
Trois-Rivieres¡ QC G9A SH7
Tel 819-376-5053, Fax 819-376-5084
Email: jacques_boisvert@uqtr.uquebec.ca
Services: Can provide advice on methods¡ materials, and equipment used in mosquito surveillance and
control.
ÄfIACHMENT#L TO REPORT#_Q[~ 617 ..07-
r;,,~ ~ 1
"l
57
-
Dr Jean-Pierre Bourassa
Département de chimie-biologie¡
Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières¡
3351 boul. des Forges,
Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A-5H7
Tel 819-376-5053 paste 3361
Fax 819-376 5084
Email: jean-pierre_bourassa@uqtr.uquebec.ca
Services: Can provide advice on mosquito surveillance methods and materials.
Dr. Donna Giberson
Department of Biology
University of Prince Edward Island
550 University Avenue
Charlottetown, PE CiA 4P3
Tel 902-566-0797, Fax 902-566-0740
Email: dgiberson@upei.ca
Services: Can provide advice on mosquito surveillance methods and materials.
Dr. David Lewis
Macdonald Campus
Mc~iII University
Nat. Res. Sci.,
Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue¡ QC H9X 3V9
Tel 514-398-7909, Fax 514-398-7990
Email: lewisd@nrs.mcgill.ca
Services: Can provide advice on mosquito surveillance methods and materials.
-
. Dr. Gord Surgeoner, President
Ontario AgriFood Technologies
1 Stone Road
Guelph¡ ON N1G 4Y2
Tel 519-826-4195¡ Fax 519-826-3389
Email: oaft@sentex.net
Services: Can provide advice on mosquito surveillance methods and materials.
36
-
58
,ATTACHMENT#~ TO REPORT#,,-,Qg~ 017 -6 fJ
J~1~1 -
Appendix F. Provincial Government Officials.
For information on applicator licensing, regulations and permit requirements associated with mosquito
control, contact your provincial representative: -
-
Karen Ryan
Manager, Pesticides Control Section
NF Department of Environment and Labour
4th Floor, West Block, Confederation Building
P.O. Box 8700
St. John's, NF A1B 4J6
Tel 709-729-5707, 1-800-563-6181, Fax 709-729-6969
Email: kryan@mail.gov.nf.ca
PEl Agriculture & Forestry
Pesticide Regulatory Program
P.O. Box 306
Kensington, PE COB 1MO
Tel 902-836-8925, Fax 902-836-8921
Email: dreeves@agric.gov.pe.ca
Website: http://www.gov.pe.ca/
NS Department of the Environment and Labour
5151 Terminal Road, 5th Floor
P.O. Box 697
Hal'ifax, NS B3J 2T8
Tel 902-424-5300, Fax 902-424-0503
Centre for Continuing & Distance Education, Pesticide Applicator Training
Nova Scotia Agricultural College
PO Box 550
Truro, NS B2N 5E3
Tel 902 893-6666, Fax 902-895-5528
Email: cde@nsac.ns.ca
--
Brad Skinner, Amherst District Manager
NS Department of Environment and Labour
32 Church Street
Amherst, . NS B4H 4A8
Tel 902-667-6205
Fax 902-667-6214
Email: skinnebl@gov.ns.ca
Kathy Stapleton
Pesticide Management Unit
NB Department of Environment and Local Government
P.O. Box 6000
Fredericton, NB E3B 5Hl
Tel 506-453-7945, 1-800-561-4036, Fax 506-453-2390
E-mail: pesticides@gnb.ca
37
--
!1...'j<I'.I\.C!J!y1¡"'\jY# d--. TOREPOD'J# 1'\1:::í<.. 6/7"07-
$" Ih.,one,'.' . -~ ~ {¡,1 " ...\d.fO.J
Quebec Ministere de ¡'Environment .
Direction régionale de Montréal
5199, rue Sherbrooke Est, Bureau 3860
Montréal, QC HiT 3X9
Tel 514~873-3636, Fax 514-873-5662
Email : dr06@menv.gouv.qc.ca
59
-
Ministere de 'Environnement
Direction des politiques du secteur agricole
675, boul. Rene-Levesque, Est,
8e etage, boite 26
Quebec (Quebec) G1R 5V7
Tel 418-521-3829, Fax 418-528-1035
E-mail: cecile.laverdiere@menv.gouv.qc.ca
Website: http://www.mef.gouv.qc.ca
Geoff Cutten
Senior Pesticides Regulatory Scientist
Pesticides Section
Standards Development Branch
40 St. Clair Avenue West, 7th floor,
Toronto, ON M4V 1M2
Tel 416-327-5174, Fax 416-327-2936
Email: geoff.cutten@ene.gov.on.ca
ON Ministry of Environment and Energy
(Pesticide Applicator/Operator Licensing)
Approvals Branch - Approvals & Client Services
2 St. Clair Ave. W., 12A Floor
Toronto, ON M4V 1L5
Tel 416-314-8292, Fax 416-314-7271
Website: http://www.ene.gov.on.ca'
.""..
Ken Plews
Pesticide/Fertilizer Approvals
Environmental Stewardship Branch
Manitoba Conservation
123 Main Street, Suite 160
Winnipeg, MB R3C 1A5
Tel 204-945-7482, Fax 204-945-1211
Email: kplews@gov.mb.ca .
Website: http://www.gov.mb.ca/environ
Rhona Kurtz
Manitoba Agriculture
Pesticide Licensing
Room 201 - 545 University Crescent
Winnipeg MB R3T 5S6
Tel 204-945-7706, Fax 204-945-4327
E-mail: r.kurtz@agr.gov.mb.ca
Website: http://www.gov.mb.ca
38
.""..
Scott Hartley
Saskatchewan Agriculture
Sustainable' Production Branch
Room 125, 3085 Albert Street
Regina, SK S4S OBi
Tel 306-787-4669, Fax 306"787"0428
Email: n/a
¿\,l"'T,',;i~.,C! ;¡,""lï:' '" ',# '1 "Iio DI:DOD':r~ ÆS." 617...02
j " ",.Ai, ....N ~ I 1\Ioõf' 1\ IJ', '
551fD7
60
-
Joe Muldoon
Saskatchewan Environment
Environmental Protection
Room 224, 3211 Albert Street
Regina, SK S4S SW6
Tel 306-787-6178, Fax 306-787-0197
Email: joe.muldoon.erm@govmail.gov.sk.ca
Neil Wandler
Alberta Environment
5th Floor, Oxbridge Place
9820 - 106 Street
Edmonton, AB T5K 236
Tel 780-427-0054, Fax 780-422-5120
Email: neil.wandler@gov.ab.ca ,
Website: http://www.gov.ab.cajenv/protenf/pesticide/
Jock McIntosh
Alberta Environment
5th Floor, Oxbridge Place
9820 - 106 Street
Edmonton, AB T5K 236
Tel 780-427-0031, Fax 780-422-5120
Email: jock.mcintosh@gov.ab.ca
-..
Linda Gilkeson
BC Ministry of Environment, Lands & Parks
Pollution Prevention & Remediation Branch
P~O. Box 9342 STN. PROVo Govr
. Victoria, BC V8W 9Ml
Tel 250-387-4441, Fax 250-387-9935
Website: http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/
Email: Iinda.gilkeson@gems3.gov.bc.ca
39
-
Arrj~çHJ'vIENT#-'- TO REPORT#~OI7-{)L.
~~ 1tÞ Î
61
Appendix G. Suppliers of Services, Equipment and Materials.
Major Canadian suppliers of services, equipment, and materials relating to mosquito control are listed
below. The listing should only be considered as a starting point for purchasers. Provincial applicator
licensing officials can also provide the names of local pest control firms that offer some level of mosquito
control service.
-
Forest Protection Limited
Fredericton Airport
2502 Route 102 Hwy.
Lincoln, NB E3B 7E6
Tel 506-445-6930, Fax 506-446-6934
Contact: David Davies
Email: Ddavies@forestprotectionltd.com
Services: Large fleet of fixed wing aircraft (TBM, AT802, M18 Dromader, Cessna 188 AgTruck) available
for aerial application of adulticides and larvicides. Use latest technology including DGPS, AIMMS,
Micronair rotary nozzle systems for UULV applications, spreaders for granulars. Have carried out
numerous large-scale pest control operations in central and eastern Canada.
GDG Environnement Ltee.
375, rue Vachon
Cap-de-Ia-Madeleine, QC
G8T 8P6
Tel 819~373-3097, Fax 819-373-6832
Contact: Christian Back
Email: gdg.environnement@gdg.ca or christian.back@gdg.ca
Website: http://www.gdg.ca .
Services: Have carried out mosquito control for several municipalities in eastern Canada, using Vectobac.
-
Sylvico Inc.
195 St. Charles Street West, Suite 305
Longueuil, QC J4H lC8
Tel 450-646-4746, Fax 450-646-5532
Contact: Rejean Bergevin, President
Email: rejean.bergevin@sylvico.ca
Services: Provide both mosquito surveillance and larval control programs, using Teknar.
Caledon Helicopters Ltd.
RR#3
Dundalk, ON, NOC 1BO
Tel 519-923-3563
Contact: Andrew Dobb
Services: Have carried mosquito control for municipalities and military bases in Ontario.
40
-
M.K. Rittenhouse & Sons Ltd.
Toni Davies, Sales Manager
RR 3, 1402 4th Avenue
St. Cathárines, ON L2R 6P9
Tel 905-684-8122; 1-800-461-1041, Fax 905-684-1382
Webpage: www.rittenhouse.ca
Email: toni@rittenhouse.ca -
Services: Supplier of mosquito control êquipment, including sprayers and ULV equipment.
ArTf\CHMENT#-=LTOREPORJ#~~~ 6/7 -02
571~1
62
-
Pestalto Environmental Products Inc.
Dr. Barry Tyler
5476 Wellington Road 24
R.R.2-
Erin, ON NOB no
Tel 519-833-0084, Cell: 519-.829-8373
Webpage: http://www.pestalto.com/
Email: info@pestalto.com
Services: Supplier of mosquito surveillance and control equipment, including Stihl backpack sprayers,
ULV sprayers; also distributes Aquabac larvicide.
Zimmer Air Services Inc.
9706 Burk Line
RR 7
Blenheim, ON NOP lAO
Tel 519-676-9550, Fax 519-676-9552
Webpage: www.zimmerair.com
Email:- info@zimmerair.com
Services: Have carried out mosquito control programs in Ontario and Labrador.
-.
Viceroy Distributors Inc.
Joel Gosselin
65 St. Anne's Road
Winnipeg, MB R2M 2Y4
Tel 204-925-7939, 1-800-565-9995, Fax 204-231-8507
Email: jgosselin@viceroydistributors.mb.ca
Services: Supplier of mosquito control equipment¡ including ULV sprayers.
-
. Alpine Helicopters Limited
165 George Craig Blvd N.E.
Calgary, Alberta T2E 7H3
Tel 403-291-3100¡ Fax 403-250-7074, Cell 403-620-3763
Contact: Jim Reid
Email: Not available
Services: They have extensive experience with conventional¡ accuflow, micro foil and Thru Valve boom
spraying systems. Their current spray fleet consists of Bell 212, 206B and 206L-3 helicopters.
41
-
Conair Aviation
Rick Pedersen, Vice President
P.O. Box 220.
Abbotsford1 BC, V2S 4N9
Tel 60.4-855-1171, Fax 6o.4~855-1189
Contacts: George Simon or Rick Pederson
Email: rpedersen@aviation.conair.ca
Services: Large fleet of helicopters and fixed wing aircraft (DC-6s and 80.2 Tractors) available for aerial
application of Insecticide. Use latest technology, including GPS and Beecomist nozzle systems for ULV
applications. Have carried out numerous large-sçale emergency mosquito control operations and spruce
budworm spray programs in central and eastern Canada. .
ATTACHMENT#...L TO REPORT#.~s. 011-62,.-
Sß1~7
63
-
Western Aerial Applications Ltd.,
Hangar 1, 840.9 Lockheed Place,
Chilliwack, BC V2P SA7
Tel 60.4-792-3354, Fax 60.4-972-3358, Toll Free: 1-80.0.-969-2991
Contact: Jim Cooper
Email: ops@western-aerial.com
Services: Western Aerial Applications has a fleet of Hiller/Soloy lhelicopters that are well suited for aerial
application work. They have many years of experience in mosquito control, forestry applications, and
agricultural work. They have carried out the City of Winnipeg's aerial mosquito larviciding for many
years.
Beecomist Systems
3255 Meetinghouse Road
Telford, PA 18969, USA
Tel 215-721-9424, Fax 215-721-0.751
Services: Manufactures and distributes a variety of insecticides, misters, foggers, and sprayers.
-.
Clarke Mosquito Control Products Inc.
P.O. Box 72288, 159 N. Garden Avenue
Roselle, IL 60.172, USA .
Tel 70.8-894-20.0.0., Fax 70.8-894-1774
Email: info@clarkemosquito.com
Website: http://www.cmosquito.com/cmcp/default.asp
Services: Provides municipal mosquito control services and distributes mosquito surveillance equipment,
including traps, and control equipment, Including a variety of ULV sprayers.
. .
Curtis Dyna-Products .
P.O.Box 2971 17335 U.S. Hwy. 31 North
Westfield, IN 460.74, USA
Tel 317-896-2561, Fax 317-896-3788
Email: dynafog@iquestnet
Website: http://www.dynafog.com
Services: Manufactures and distributes mosquito adulticidíng equipment.
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ATTACHMENT#LTOREPORT#j1~ ðl7-D2-
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John W. Hock Company
P.O. Box 12852 .
Gainesville, Florida 32604 USA
Tel 352-378-3209, Fax 352-372-1838
Email: jwhock@acceleration.net
Website: http://home.acceleration.netj rvjwhock/#John%20W. %20Hock%20Company
Services: Mosquito traps and other sampling devices. .
London Fog Inc.
505 Brimhall Avenue
Long Lake, MN 55356, USA
Tel 952-473-5366, 1-800-448-8525, Fax 952-473-5302
Email: (see website fordirect link).
Website: http://www.londonfoggers.com
Services: Manufactures and distributes mosquito control equipment.
43
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ATTACHMENT #...2... TO REPORT:# =QI¿S ð 17 - 0<-
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65
Appendix H. Mosquito Control Related Websites.
There are literally hundreds of web pages on the Internet that deal specifically with mosquitoes.
Unfortunately, very few of them are Canadian. When visiting non-Canadian web pages, remember that
many of the insecticides mentioned are not registered in Canada.
Some of the more informative web pages are listed below and have links to additional mosquito biology
and control web pages:
-
.
.
- .
.
.
.
-.
.
City of Winnipeg's Mosquito Control Program
City of Regina's Mosquito Control Program
.
.
American Mosquito Control Association
Michigan Mosquito Control Association
.
.
Mid-Atlantic Mosquito Control Association
New Jersey Mosquito Control Association
.
.
Northeastern Mosquito Control Association
Northwest Mosquito &Vector Control Association
.
.
US EPA mosquito pesticide information
EXTOXNET, The EXtension TOXicology NETwork
.
.
Florida Medical Entomology Lab
Harvard School of Public Health, Mosquito-Borne Viruses
US CDC's Home Page
World Health Organization
Mosquito-L Mailing List
Iowa State University Entomology Image Gallery
.
Key to the Mosquito Genera of North American and Mexico
Mosquito-Borne Diseases
.
West Nile Fever
.
Greater Moncton Pest Control Commission
44
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ATTJ£\CH~1ENT#L TOREPORT#=Q@<~ 017 -DZ
~I~ lÞ 1
Appendix I. Technical Reports and Publications.
There -are hundreds of thousands of technical publications on mosquito biology and control. . A few key
publications are listed below. A municipality that is just beginning to develop a mosquito control program
is advised to obtain a copy of the publications marked with an asterisk (*) below.
Akesson, N.B., and W.E. Yates, 1982. The use of aircraft for mosquito control. AMCA Bull. 1:1-96.
-,
Anonymous, 1974. Equipment for vector control. WHO Manual, Geneva, Switzerland. 179 p.
Anonymous, 1977. Guidelines for municipal mosquito abatement programs. Ont. Ministry Envir.¡ Facts
About Pesticides 20-02-15. 7 p.
Anonymous, 1990. Equipment for vector control. World Health Organization, Geneva. 310 p.
Artsob¡ H., and L. Spence, 1979. Arboviruses in Canada. p. 39-65 In Kurstak, E. (Ed.). Arctic and
tropical arboviruses. Academic Press.
Artsob¡ H., L. Spence, and C. Th'ng, 1979. Horses as monitors for arboviral activity in southern Ontario.
p. 233-243 In M.s. Mahdy, L. Spence, and J.M. Joshua (Eds.). Arboviral Encephalitides in Ontario With
Special Reference to St. Louis Encephalitis. Ontario Ministry of Health.
Berry, R.A., and K.W. Ludlam, 1976. Field evaluations of ULV applications to control adult mosquitoes in
Maryland. Proc. NJ Mosquito Exterm. Assoc., p. 194-196.
Brust, R.A., and R.A. Ellis, 1976b. Assessment of the emergency mosquito control operation in Manitoba,
1975. Can. J. Publ. Hlth. 67 (SuppL):69-71.
Brust, R.A., and R.A. Ellis, 1976a. Mosquito surveys in Manitoba during 1975. Can. J. Publ. Hlth. 67
(Suppl.):47-53. .
Brust, R.A¡ 1982. Population dynamics of Culex tarsalisCoquillett in Manitoba. In Sekla, L. (Ed.), 1982.
Western Equine Encephalitis in Manitoba. Manitoba Health Services Commission. p. 21-30.
-
Brust¡ R.A, 1984. Mosquito Control Evaluations. In Final Technical Report Volume Environmental
Monitoring Program for the 1983 Aerial Spraying of Malathion to Combat Western Equine Encephalitis.
Manitoba Environment, Workplace Safety .and Health. p. 189-225.
Brust, R.A., RA. Ellis¡ and K.W. Plews, 1976. Guidelines for mosquito control in Manitoba. Manitoba
Mines¡ Resources, and Environmental Management, 19 p. .
Buth¡ J.L, 1983. The bionomics of three potential'vectors of Western Equine Encephalitis in Manitoba.
M.sc. Thesis¡ University of Manitoba. 112 p,
CDC, 1979. Mosquitoes of public health importance and their control. USHEW/CDC, Atlanta.
Chapman, H.c. (Ed.), 1985. Biological control of mosquitoes. Bull. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 6.
Clarke, J.L, 1943. Studies of the flight range of mosquitoes. J. Econ. Ent. 36:121-122.
45
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Copps, P.T., G.A. Surgeoner, and B.V. Helson, 1984. An assessment of sampling techniques for adult
mosquitoes in southern Ontario. Proc. Ent. Soc. Ont. 115:61-70.
67
Darsie, R.F., and R.A. Ward, 1981. Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of
North America, north of Mexico. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoë., Fresno. 313 p.
Donogh, N.R, 1976. Public information on Western Encephalomyelitis and emergency mosquito control in
Manitoba, 1975. Can. J. Pub!. Hlth. 67 (Suppl. 1):61-62.
-
Eldridge, B.F, 1987b. Strategies for vector surveillance, prevention, and control of arboviruses in western
North America. Am. J. Trap. Med. Hyg. 37 (suppl.):77-86.
Ellis, R.A, 1982. Emergency mosquito vector control in Manitoba. Part 1. Aerial ULV application of
insecticide for large area vector control. Prairie Pest Management. 188 p.
Ellis, R.A., and R.A. Brust, 1982. Effectiveness of the emergency mosquito vector control operations. In
Sekla, L. (Ed.), 1982. Western Equine Encephalitis in Manitoba. Manitoba Health Sciences Commission.
p.209-222. '
Ellis, R.A, 1976. Emergency measures and mosquito control operations during the 1975 Western
encephalomyelitis outbreak in Manitoba. Can. J. Publ. Hlth. 67(Suppl.):59-60.
Ellis, R.A., 1976. Emergency measures and mosquito control operations during the 1975 western
encephalomyelitis outbreak in Manitoba. Can. J. Public Hlth 67(Suppl.):59-60.
*Gray, H.F., 1961. Organization for mosquito control. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. Bull. 4.
Harwood, R.F., and M.T. James, 1979. Entomology in human and animal health. Macmillan, New York.
548 p.
Helson, B.V., G.A. Surgeoner, R.E. Wright, and SA Allen, 1978. Culex tarsalis, Aedes sollicitans, Aedes
grossbecki: new distribution records from southwestern Ontario. Mosquito News 38:137-138.
-
Helson, B.V., G.A. Surgeoner, and R.E. Wright, 1979. Mosquitoes of southwestern Ontario, their
seasonal distribution, prevalence and new records. In Mahdy, M.S., L. Spence, and J.M.Joshua, (Eds.).
Arboviral Encephalitides in Ontario With Special Reference to St. Louis Encephalitis. Ontario Ministry of
Health. p. 181-198.
Kettle, D.S., 1984. Medical and veterinary entomology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 658 p.
Lofgren, c.S., 1972. Ultralow volume application of insecticides. Amer. J. Trop.Med. Hyg. 21:819-824.
*Lofgren, c.S., 1970. Ultralow volume applications of concentrated insecticides in medical and veterïnary
entomology. Annu. Rev. Ent. 15:321-342.
*Lowe, R.J., 1977. Starting a mosquito control program. Mosquito News 37(1):141-142.
MacKenzie, D.L, 1979. Mosquito control in Ontario prior to, during and following the St. Louis
encephalitis outbreak. In Mhady, M.S., L. Spence, and J.M. Joshua (Eds.). Arboviral Encephalitides in
Ontario With Special Reference to St. Louis Encephalitis. Ontario Ministry of Health: p. 282-332.
46
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ATTACHMENT# ~;-oREPORT#jlê5 DI7-D'J.....
'~d ~1
Madder, OJ., G.A. Surgeoner, and B.V. Helson, 1~83b. Number of generations, egg production, and
developmental time of Culex pipiens and Culex restuans (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Ontario. J. Med.
Ent. 20:275-287. .
Madder, OJ., R.S. MacDonald, G.A. Surgeoner, and B.V. Helson, 1980. The use of oviposition activity to
monitor populations of Culexpipiensand Culexrestuans(Diptera: Culicidae). Can. Ent. 112:1013-1017.
*Magu, M.R., 1981. A survey of the administration, organization and operation of American mosquito
control agencies. Mosquito News 41(1):13-17.
-
Mahdy, M.S., L. Spence, and J.M. Joshua (Eds.), 1979. Arboviral Encephalitides in Ontario With Special
Reference to St. Louis Encephalitis. In The Committee on Programs for the Prevention of Mosquito-borne
Encephalitis. Ontario Ministry of Health. xiii + 364 p.
McLean, D.M, 1975. Arboviruses and human health in Canada. Associate Committee on Scientific
Criteria for Environmental Quality. National Research Council of Canada, No. 14106. p. 1-35.
McLintock, J., and J. Iversen, 1975. Mosquitoes and human disease in Canada. Can. Ent. 107:695-704.
McLintock, J, 1978. Mosquito-virus relationships of American encephalitides. Ann. Rev. Ent. 23:17-37.
McLintock, J, 1976. The arbovirus problem in Canada. Can. J. Publ. Hlth. (Suppl. 1):8-12.
Monath, T.P, 1979. Arthropod-borne encephalitis in the Americas. Bull. W.H.O. 57:513-533.
Monath, T.P. (Ed.), 1980. St. Louis Encephalitis. Amer. Public Health Assoc., Washington, D.c., 680 p.
Monath, T.P, 1984. Ecology and control of mosquito-borne arbovirus disease. In Kur~tak, E., and R.G.
Marusyk (Eds.), 1984. Control of Virus Diseases. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. p. 115-134.
Mount, G.A, 1979. Ultra-low volume application of insecticides: a guide for vector control programs.
WHOjVBC/79.734.
-
Ofiara, D.O., and J.R. Allison, 1986. A comparison of alternative mosquito abatement methods using
benefit-cost analysis. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 2(4):522'-528.
*Ofiara, D.O., and J.R. Allison, 1986. On assessing the benefitS of public mosquito control practices. J.
. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 2:280-288. .
Pal, R., and R.H. Wharton (Eds.), 1974. Control of arthropods of medical and veterinary importance.
Plenum, New York. 138 p. .
Panetta, J. (Ed.), 1980. DEET pesticide registration standard. U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances, 136 p.
Raddatz, R.L, 1985. A biometeorological model of an encephalitis vector. Boundary Layer Meteorol.
34:185-199.
Raddatz, R.Lf 1982. Forecasts of Culex tal:5'alispopulations in Winnipeg. In Sekla, L. (Ed.) Western
Equine Encephalitis in Manitoba. Manitoba Health Services Commission. 296 p.
47
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. f'JTACHMENT#~_. JJ TO REPORT#_QË2 017-02-
~~ o{lo 1
Rathburn, CB., AH. Boike, CF. Hallmon, and R.L. Welles, 1981. Field tests of insecticides applied as
ULV sprays by ground equipment for the control of adult mosquitoes. Mosquito News 41(1):132-135.
69
Reeves, W.C, 1974. Overwintering of arboviruses. Progr. Med; Virol. 17:193-220.
Reeves, W.C, 1965. Ecology of mosquitoes in relation to arboviruses. Ann. Rev. Ent. 10:25-46.
*Sekla, L.H. (Ed.), 1976. Special Supplement - Western Encephalitis. Can. J. Pub!. Hlth 67 (Suppl.). 75 p.
Sekla, L. (Ed.), 1982. Western equine encephalitis in Manitoba. Manitoba Health Services Commission.
296 p.
-
Sekla, L., and W. Stackiw, 1982. Arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes in Manitoba: value in decision
making. In Sekla, L. (Ed.). Western Equine Encephalitis in Manitoba, Manitoba Health Services
Commission. p. 50-60.
*Service, M.W, 1976. Mosquito ecology - field sampling methods. John Wiley and Sons. New York,
Toronto. xii + 583 p.
Service, M.W., 1983. Biological control of mosquitoes - has it a future? Mosquito News 43(2):113-120.
Smith, A., 1982. Chemical methods for the control of vectors and pests of public health importance.
WHOjVBC/82.841, 69 p.
Steelman. CD., J.M. Gassie, and B.R. Craven, 1967. Laboratory and field studies on mosquito control in
waste disposal lagoons in Louisiana. Mosquito News 27(1):57-59.
Steickman, D., 1979. Malathion as ground-applied ULV evaluated against natural populations of Culex
pipiensand ex. restuans. Mosquito News 39:64-67.
Surgeoner, GA, and B.V. Helson, 1978. An oviposition trap for arbovirus surveillance in Culexsp.
mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Can. Ent. 110: 1049-1052.
Trimble, R.M., 1972. Occurrence of Culiseta mínnesotae and Aedes trívíttatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in
Manitoba, including a list of mosquitoes from Manitoba. Can. Ent. 104:1535-1537.
-
Wada, Y., 1965. Population studies on Edmonton mosquitoes. Quaestiones ent. 1:187-222.
West, AS., and A. Hudson, 1960. Notes on. mosquitoes of eastern Ontario. Proc. NJ Mosquito Exterm.
Assoc. 47:68-74. .
Wong, F., and J. Neufeld, 1982. Sentinel flock monitoring procedures for Western Equine Encephalitis in
Manitoba, 1976-1981. In Sekla¡ L. (Ed.), 1982. Western Equine Encephalitis in Manitoba, Manitoba
Health Services Commission. p. 86-97.
Wood, O.M., 1977. Notes on the identities of some common nearctic Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera,
Culicidae). Mosquito News 37:71-81.
*Wood, D.M., P.T. Dang, and R.A. Ellis, 1979. The Insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 6. The
Mosquitoes of Canada (Dlptera: Culicidae). Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services
Canada, Hull, Quebec. 390 p.
48
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ATTACHMENT#L -OREPOf\T#,þg~ 017-6?-
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t"1 .0
t I
Appendix J. Glossary of Technical Terms.
Active Ingredient - An-ingredient which provides either stimulating or killing action. In pesticide use,
this generally is equivalent to the amount of technical material in a formulation or amount of technical
material (AI) applied per hectare.
Adulticide - Pesticides used to control insects at the adult stage of their development. In mosquito
control, any insecticide used to kill adult mosquitoes.
-
Adulticiding - The application of chemicals to kill adult mosquitoes by ground or aerial applications, is
usually the least efficient mosquito control technique. Nevertheless, adulticiding, based on surveillance
data, is an extremely important part of any IPM program. Adulticides are typically applied as an Ultra-
Low-Volume (ULV) spray where small amounts of insecticide are dispersed either by truck-mounted
equipment or from fixed-wing or rotary aircraft. Ground or aerial applied thermal application of
adulticides is also used in some areas but to a much lesser degree. Mosquito ULV adulticiding differs
fundamentally from efforts to control many other adult insects. For good adult mosquito control, the fine
ULV droplets must drift through the habitat and impinge on flying mosquitoes for effective control.
Application Rate - The average volume or weight of the field formulation of chemical material (including
both toxicant and diluent) which is applied per unit of area or volume treated.
Arbovirus - Arthropod-borne virus. 'Arboviruses' are a large group (more than 400) of enveloped RNA
viruses which are transmitted primarily (but not exclusively) by arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, sand-flies,
fleas, ticks, lice, etc). They were previously grouped together under the name 'arboviruses' but
"arbovirus" is not a taxonomic classifièation. This grouping has now Deen split into four virus families.
Arthropod - Invertebrate animals in the phylum Arthropoda, a group that have a segmented body,
jointed appendages, a usually chitinous exoskeleton moulted at intervals, and a dorsal anterior brain
connected tp a ventral chain of ganglia. Includes insects! arachnids, crustaceans.
Blood-feeding - Some arthropods take blood, a behaviour known as 'blood-feeding'. The blood they
that they ingest is known as a 'blood-meal', They use the blood-meal to mature their eggs. Some biting
arthropods also require a sugar source to meet their energy requirements for mating! locating their hosts,
and oviposition. .
-
Breeding Place - Any body of water which contains or produces mosquitoe~. "Breeding place" has been
finally established in the laws and regulations and in the scientific literature. Some workers prefer the'
term "mosquito source" as more descriptive.
Concentrate - A form of commercial pesticide preparation which generally requires further dilution to
decrease the concentration of its active Ingredient before it is applied. . .
DEET - DEET (chemical name = N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) is the active ingredient in many insect
repellent products.
Dead-end Hosts - People and animals that become diseased as a result of being infected by an
arbovirus usually are "dead-end" hosts. They may suffer disease but the virus does not spread from
them to other vertebrates or to other mosquitoes.
49
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ATTIICHMENT# -¡f,f/ŒPORT# ~ ðl1-Ö2-
Diapause - A period of suspended development or growth, characterized by inactivity and decreased
metabolism. Culex species enter reproductive diapause late in the summer or fall and seek overwintering
sites rather than blood-feeding.
71
Disease - 'Lack of ease'. Departure from the state of health or normality. A condition in which bodily
health is impaired; sickness; illness; a malady; an ailment; a condition which adversely affects survival.
An archaic form, "dis-ease", means discomfort.
-
Ecology - The interrelationships of living organisms to one another and to their environment, or the
study of science of such interrelationships.
Ecosystem - A unit of biological organization made up of all the organisms in a given area (community)
interacting with the physical environment and with each other; an ecological system.
Encephalitis - An inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses and bacteria, including viruses
transmitted by mosquitoes.
Endemic (adjective) - Belonging or native to a particular people or country and thus continuously
present at the expected frequency of occurrence; restricted or peculiar to a locality or region (endemic
diseases; an endemic species). Synonym=Native.
Enzootic - Referring to animal diseases that are peculiar to or constantly present in a locality.
Epidemic (adjective) - Affecting or tending to affect a disproportionately large number of individuals
within a population, community or region at the same time; i.e., at a higher than expected frequency.
Used to refer to diseases that are not consistently present in an area, and which are brought in from the
outside or a temporary increase in the number of cases of ,an endemic disease.
Formulation - A mixture of one or more pesticides plus other materials needed to make it safe and easy
to store, dilute, and apply. Properties or spray formulation can affect effectiveness of pesticides (toxicity
and residual life). Insecticide mixture as produced and delivered by the manufacturer is a formulation.
Once the formulation Is diluted with 011 or water for spraying, it is referred to as the tank mix. Examples
are solutions, emulsions, granules, and wettable powders.
-
Habitat - The natural region or abode which an organism inhabits. The term as applied to particular
surroundings may be made more specific or critical by adding qualifying expressions (e.g., sand dune
habitat, flood plain habitat, and rock pool habitat). The place where the organism lives; "address".
. Habitat is not equivalent to niche.
Host - An individual infested by or upon which a parasite grows. An individual preyed upon. Regarding
mosquitoes, the plants and animals from which they obtain nectar or blood. Regarding disease, the
source of the disease organism.
Instar - The form assumed by insects between larval moults. Mosquitoes develop through 4 larval
instars. The first is formed when the larva issues from the egg, the second follows the first moult the
third larval instar follows the second moult, and the fourth instar occurs prior to and ceases to exi~t when
the pupa is formed. .
Integrated Mosquito Control - Applied mosquito control which combines any two or more measures that
tend to suppress or destroy mosquitoes (e.g., source reduction and chemical control). The manipulation
of pest or vector populations, taking advantage of natural occurring mortality. The integration of all
suitable management techniques with the natural regulating and limiting elements of the environment.
50
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ATTACHMENT#1L.TOREPORT~tJ;£~ 017 -Olv
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Larva (plural = larvae) - The immature stages between the egg and the pupal of an insect with
complete metamorphosis. The form of the insect during the larval stage differs radically from the adult.
Larvicide - Pesticides used to control insects at the larval stage of their development. Mosquito larvicide
refers to the insecticides that are used to control mosquito larvae.
Larviciding - A general term for the process of killing mosquitoes by applying natural agents or
commercial products designed to control larvae and pupae (collectively called larvicides) to aquatic
habitats. Larvicide treatments can be applied from either the ground or air.
-
Mosquito Abatement or Control - Refers to the programmed efforts of local mosquito abatement or
control districts or other agencies to eliminate the sources or to suppress the population of the target
mosquitoes to a level which can be tolerated. .
Multivoltine (adjective) - Having several broods in a seasonl as in "multivoltine species of mosquito".
Overwintering - A period of rest or hibernation by which mosquitoes survive the winter. The stage that
mosquitoes overwinter varies with mosquito species. Culex species overwinter as unfed femalesl most of
the floodwatér Ochlerotatus or Aedes species get through winter as eggs while others overwinter in as
larvae (e.g'l Coquillettidia species).
Pest - Any organism (usually a plant or animal species) that is considered unacceptably abundant.
Pupa (plural = pupae) - The immature stagel between the larva and adultl of an insect with complete
metamorphosis. .
Reservoir - A population or group of populations of vertebrate or invertebrate hosts in which the
pathogen is endemic (i.e'l permanently maintained). Although human populations can form reservoirs of
this kindl the concept is usually applied to non-human populations from which the pathogen periodically
escapesl causing individual infections or epidemics in humans or epizootics in other animals.
Source Reduction - The elimination of larval mosquito breeding sites; ranges from removing containers
that collect water and simple drainagel using pumps or creating ditchesl to actual filling of the site. A
wide variety of equipment and materials may be used. UsuallYI a municipality will already have all the
required gear to carry-out the work.
-
UltraJow Volume - The application of a pesticide, usually a more concentrated formulationl by spraying
relatively small amounts over a large area (usually less than 1 litre of product per hectare). A method of
insecticide distribution in which a small portion of the compound is fragmented into extremely fine
droplets for aerial dispersal. Abbreviated as 'ULV'.
Vector - Any mosquito that is capable of transmitting a disease agent (pathogen) from an infected
animal to a susceptible human or animal. An organisml as an insectl that transmits pathogens to plants
or animals. Any disease carrier.
Virus - A non-cellular infectious organism that can only reproduce within living cells.
Viremia - The presence of virus in the blood of a host.
Zoonoses - Diseases in which pathogens are harbored by other animals as well as by humans, and
which are communicable from animals to humans under natural conditions.
51
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