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INFORMATION AND ADVICE
CAN BE FREELY OBTAINED FROM THE FOLLOWING
W. W. CORY,
Deputy Minister of the Interior, OTTAVVA, CANADA
W. D. SCOTT,
Superintendent of Immigration, OTTAWA, CANADA
J. OBED SMITIH,
Commissioner of Immigration, WINNIPEG, MANITOBA
UNITED STATES AGENTS
M. V. McINNES, -
= No. 6 and 7 AVenue Theatre Block, Detroit, Mich.
JAMES GRIEVE,
- _ - Auditorium Building, Spokane, Wash.
J. S. CRAWFORD,
- - 125 W. Ninth Street, Kansas City, Mo.
E. T. HOLMES,
- - - - 315 Jackson Street, St. Paul, Minn.
T. O. CURRIE, -
- Room 12 B. Callahan Building, Miltoaukee, Wis.
C. J. BROUGHTON,
- - - - 420 -Quincy Building, Chicago, Ill.
W. V. BENNETT, -
- - 801 Nero York Life Building, Omaha, Neb.
W. H. ROGERS,
- Third Flcor, T. & T. Building, Indianapolis, Ind.
C. PILLING, -
- - - Clifford Block, Grand Forks, N. Dak.
H. M. WILLIAMS,
- _ - Room 20, LaW Building, Toledo, Ohio
C. A. LAURIER,
- - - - Marquette, Mich.
BENJ. DAVIES,
Dunn Block, Room 6, Central Avenue, Great Falls, Mont.
J. M. MacLACHLAN,
- = Box 116, Watertown, S. Dak.
THOS. DUNCAN,
_ _ - Syracuse Bank Building, Syracuse, N. Y.
CANADIAN GOVERNMENT AGENT, 3d Floor, House Building, Pittsburg, Pa.
CANADIAN GOVERNMENT AGENT, High Street, Boston, Mass.
If N
V1, li
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
AND ATLAS OF
WESTERN CANADA
For the Guidance of Intending Settlers --Its
Resources and Development, with Maps of
The Dominion of Canada, BroVinces of Manitoba,
Sas*,atchetvan, Alberta, Ontario, 9-uebec, the
jUaritime Provinces, British Columbia
and North America
ISSUED BY DIRECTION OF
HON. FRANK OLIVER, MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR
OTTAWA, CANADA
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
t3
With the exception of Alaska, Newfoundland, and the Danish
colony of Greenland, the Dominion of Canada includes the
whole of the North American continent north of the United
States. The southern boundary is a line drawn along the 49th
parallel of latitude on the west, the 45th parallel of latitude on
the east, and the Great Lakes in the centre.
Canada has an area of 3,750,000 square miles, is almost as
large as Europe, and nearly twice the size of India. It makes
up one-third of the British Empire. It stretches from the Atlan-
tic to the Pacific, and is therefore almost 3,000 miles wide, with
an extent, from south to north, of upwards of 1,500 miles.
COMPARATIVE AREA.
COUNTRY
Sq. Miles
Population
Persons to
Sq. Mile
Canada ......................
3,745,574
t5,456931
1.5
United States .................
•3,739,934
85,431:631
21
Australasia ...................
India..........
3,077,377
4,880,852
1.6
Great Britain and Ireland......
1,766,642
121,371
294,361,056
41,605,220
170
343
England and Wales...........
58,231
32,526,075
558
Scotland .....................
29,820
4,472,000
150
*This includes Alaska, 590 884 square miles; Hawaii, 6,449 square
miles and the Philippine Islana;, 119,542 square miles.
t Estimated, 1903.
CONFEDERATION.
In 1867, when there were three and one-half million people
settled in Canada, the four Provinces now known as Ontario,
Quelgec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia united to form a
confederation which is called the Dominion of Canada. It was
also provided that other portions of British North America
might unite with Canada. The Dominion adopted the same form
of government as exists in the motherland. There is a Gov-
ernor-General appointed by the King to represent him, two
Houses of Parliament, and a Cabinet. As each Province has a
Legislature of its own to manage its local affairs, it is just as if
England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland had separate Parliaments,
in addition to that at Westminster.
FULL RELIGIOUS LIBERTY.
In Canada all religious d:nominations are on an equality, and
complete religious liberty prevails. Canadians of French descent
are almost all members of the Roman Catholic Church, which has,
on this account, more communicants than any other religious
denomination in Canada. Among Canadians not of French
descent, the Methodists are the strongest in numbers; the
Presbyterians come next, the Roman Catholics third, the
Church of England fourth, and the Baptiste fifth.
In Manitoba and the new provinces of Alberta and Sas-
katchewan, owing to the large number of Scotch settlers, the
Presbyterians are most numerous, constituting 21 per cent of
the population, the Methodists ranking next with nearly
17 per cent, and the Church of England third with 16 per cent;
83 per cent of the population in the West is Protestant.
There are no church rates or taxes, except in Quebec, where
the Roman Catholic Church has a qualified right in this respect
over its own members.
MANY NEW SETTLERS.
During the past few years thousands of new settlers have been
coming into the country, some to establish industries, but the
great majority to take up land and become farmers. During
the twelve months ending June 30, 1905, there were 146,266
new settlers; of these 43,543 came from the United States, and
65,359 from Great Britain and her colonies. Bearing in mind
how large Canada is, it is manifest that the country can give
homes to many times these numbers. There is room for a
hundred million inhabitants, and the resources are so great that
no one can say how large the population will be fifty years hence.
Climate of Canada.
The most southerly part of the Province of Ontario is as far
south as Rome, while the most northerly part of Manitoba lies
opposite Liverpool. Just as Rome and Liverpool, lying in dif-
ferent latitudes, have diversity of climate, so in Canada, it is
clear that there will be several climates. Even . some of the
Provinces are so large that the same rule applies.
In the Provinces near. the ocean, both on the western and
on the eastern side, the climate is mild and moist; the western
coast being milder and having more rain than the Atlantic. The
summers are warm. The summer temperature (June, July, and
August) of all Canada, other than the northeast and north
coast, is warmer than that of England. The summer nights,
however, are pleasantly cool. The winters are cold, but the
air is dry, exhilarating, and healthful.
LONG DAYLIGHT AND BRIGHT SKIES.
Canada has more sunshine than Europe. It is a country of
bright skies, and when summer comes, with its long, sunny days,
the grains ripen quickly. On the western prairie there are, on
the average, two hours more of sunlight each day during
summer than in England. In England, for example, there is
sunshine only for one -quarter to a little over one-third of the
time; England's highest average is Canada's lowest.
MODIFYING INFLUENCES.
British Columbia has the mildest climate in the Dominion.
This is because of the warm current of water flowing across the
Pacific from Japan. The Province is protected also from the
east winds by the Rocky Mountains. The north and northeast
coasts, on the other hand, are the coldest. Farther to the south,
from the Atlantic to Manitoba, it is mild and moist. One of
the great influences on the climate of this part of Canada is
the immense area of inland waters. In the western territories
there is less rain than. in the east, but as it rains very little in
winter, most of the precipitation being in spring and autumn,
when needed for agricultural purposes, the difference is not
so marked after all. The coolness of the prairie night, after
the hot summer day, causes heavy dews. These, to a certain
extent, protect the grain from the effects of drouth, even in the
driest seasons. They also produce a rich growth of prairie grass,
making the climate peculiarly favourable on this last account
for the stock farmer. In Alberta the warm, dry Chinook winds
from the Pacific greatly modify the cold of winter by raising the
temperature to 50' and 60' F., causing snow to disappear as if
by magic.
SEASONS IN THE WEST.
Summer in the West comes toward the end of MLy. Then
the farmer, whose seed has already been sown, breaks fresh
ground or works over the fallow land. In August the harvests
must be gathered in. The autumn is one of the most delightful
seasons, extending into November. The farmer now does his
ploughing against the spring thaw (which comes in April), mar-
kets his grain, and enjoys a little well-earned leisure. In April
it is spring, the alders and willows in the valleys are in bloom,
and the seeding must be done as soon as the sun has softened
the surface of the soil. Almost before the farmer has completed
his preparations it is again summer, and soon the hum of the
grain thresher is heard in the land.
DRY ATMOSPHERE.
During the winter warm woolen clothing is necessary. Because
of the dryness of the inland climate the cold is much less notice-
able than a stranger might expect. Less snow falls on the
prairies than in the East, and on account of the dryness of the
air, it brushes off one's coat like dust.
Everywhere the appearance of snow is hailed as seasonable
and beneficial. Sleighing parties of pleasure are arranged for
the period of full moon, and the sound of the sleigh -bells is a
merry one. The snow protects the autumn -sown wheat from
the frost, aids the lumberman in drawing his timber from the
forest, and also the farmer in hauling his produce to market, and
so contributes alike to business and to pleasure.
The climate and soil of Canada are such that the country
produces a great variety of grains and fruits.
Agriculture in Canada.
In Canada, while manufactures are very important, agri-
culture gives employment to a larger number of people than
any other industry. In the early years of Canada's history,
farming was carried on only in the southeastern portion of
British North America —Ontario, Quebec, and what are now
the maritime Provinces. Gradually, however, the country
farther west and northwest was opened up by roads and rail-
ways, the forests were cut away, and the agricultural area was
widely extended. A few years ago (1885), when the Canadian
Pacific Railway was completed, practically the whole of the
northwestern portion of the Dominion was thrown open to settle-
ment. No fewer than 30,819 homesteads were taken up in
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta during the year ending
June 30, 1905, an increase over the previous fiscal year of 4,746.
FREE FARMS.
It is difficult for those living where all land is occupied, and
sold only for a high price, to understand that some of the best
farming land on the continent of America is to be had almost for
the asking by anyone who wishes to cultivate it. The settle-
ment of these lands is heartily encouraged by the Government,
because a fertile soil and great natural resources are of no service
unless people are there to cultivate and develop them. Of
course, ,it is also important to get a good class of settlers.
Anyone who will cultivate the land in the West can get a farm
of 160 acres free; while in Northern Ontario and Quebec he can
procure one on nominal terms, in some instances without any
cost. He can also buy land from railway and other corporations
at a low figure.
CANADIANS OWN THEIR OWN FARMS.
In Canada, because land is procured so easily, nearly all the
farmers (87 per cent) own their holdings, and any capable farm
labourer, if he chooses to exert himself for a few years, may him-
self become an owner. During the last few years, the large
harvests of the Canadian farmers have been attracting great
attention in Europe and in the United States. Tens of
thousands of settlers are pouring in every year -'to take up
the new land, chiefly in the great West, while many go to
Northern Ontario and Northern Quebec. Railway companies
are extending the railways and planning new lines.
Besides wheat, there are grown in the Dominion oats, barley,
pease, beans, corn (maize), buckwheat, rye, potatoes and other
root crops, hay and hops. Tobacco, flax, and beet -root are also
widely cultivated in Ontario, Quebec, and the West. Much
fruit is raised. Nova Scotia has been famous for its apples for
many years. In fact, in all settled districts of Canada east of
the Great Lakes and west of the Rocky Mountains, apples of
fine flavour are grown. In areas containing hundreds of square
miles, pears, peaches, and grapes are grown in the open air.
Small fruits, such as plums, cherries, strawberries, raspberries,
currants, and gooseberries also grow plentifully. Apples and
pears are the chief fruits exported, though within the last few
years the railways and steamship lines have introduced cold stor-
age, so that it is now possible to make shipments of other fruits
to Europe.
DAIRYING AND LIVE STOCK.
In Eastern Canada dairying receives a deal of attention.
Many farmers grow grain only to feed cattle. In all the well -
settled portions there are cheese and butter factories to which
almost every producer sends mills. In the West dairying has
been carried on with considerable success for sometime. Canada
supplies the home consumption of butter and cheese and has a
surplus of 34,200,000 pounds of butter and 229,100,000 pounds
of cheese to ship to the mother country every year.
Stock farming is growing rapidly in the East, and in the West
there are very many extensive horse and cattle ranches. Western
farmers for many years devoted all their attention to wheat -
growing, but of late years have also engaged in stock -raising.
Canadian live stock has a high reputation. At the Chicago
World's Fair in 1893, for example, Canadian cattle took 462
prizes out of 1,187 awarded.
In order to protect stock -breeders from the introduction of
disease among cattle, all stock imported into Canada is'inspected,
by Government veterinarians.
4 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA I TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA 6
THE PRAIRIES OF WESTERN CANADA.
On most of the prairies there are no trees to be cleared away;
thus the area under cultivation increases very rapidly. The
settler with a gang -plough and two yoke of oxen can break up a
quarter -section (160 acres) during five spring and summer
months. He does this simply by turning a very thin sod with
the plough, then backsetting and harrowing. This operation
costs between $3.50 and $4.00 per acre, but sometimes a rougher
and quicker system of breaking land is followed. The soil is
an exceedingly rich black mould, of varying depth, with clay
beneath, which holds the moisture.
Most of this western country, especially the southern portion,
is rolling, treeless prairie. These prairies are covered with
coarse, rich grass growing in tufts, with shrubs and small trees
scattered grove -like here and there over their surface, thus giving
many portions a park -like appearance. In the northern sections
and in the river valleys there are vast regions that are heavily
wooded Along the slope of the Rocky Mountains, also, this
wooded condition exists. The land in the southwestern portion
is at present most suitable for grazing, but under irrigation, now
being introduced on a large scale, develops wonderful fertility.
The growing of winter (or fall) wheat is meeting with consider-
able success. (See page 24.)
A USEFUL SIZED FARM.
Some farmers urge that a half -section (320 acres) is a better
size than a quarter -section, in that it allows enough land for
a man and his family to work, leaving a considerable portion to
be summer-fallowed. Many work their land year after year
without summer fallowing, and find the crops satisfactory. The
theory is that the frost of winter helps to preserve the soil by
preventing the nitrates from being leached away.
The moment the crop is harvested the land is ploughed again,
so that with the earliest April warmth seeding may begin. No-
where else does the first fortnight of spring count for so much.,
Farmers sow when barely an inch or two of ground is sufficiently
thawed to allow the seed to be covered, and the hot sun forces
on the grain with great rapidity.
THRESHING IN WESTERN CANADA.
In the West great threshing gangs, with their huge thresh-
ing machines, traverse the country from farm to farm. Many
of the farmers find it necessary, owing to the size of the crops,
to own their owa machines. As the hum of the threshing
machine begins the scene is a lively one. Every man has his
appointed place, and the stacks grow rapidly smaller as the pile
of straw heaps up and the bags are filled with bright, clean
grain. As soon as threshing is over, the farmer hauls his grain
to the nearest railway station, where it is graded and stored in
the elevators for shipment over the railway. Sometimes he
prefers to hold his grain for a "rise" in the price, but this is a
risky bit of speculation in which only those who are well
established can indulge.
RESULTS FOR THE FARMER.
The average yield of wheat in the West during fourteen years
has been 20 bushels per acre, the highest yearly average being
nearly 28 bushels. In individual cases as high as 40 and 45
bushels per acre have been recorded. At the Government
Experimental Farms, where more labor is expended on the land,
the yield is much larger. The quality of the western wheat must
also be taken into account. Tests made recently by three Lon-
don bakers showed that this wheat has about 10 per cent more
albuminoids than the best European brands; and that 100 pounds
of Canadian flour make more bread of excellent quality than the
same weight of any other flour imported into Great Britain.
To grow a bushel of wheat costs the Western farmer about 35
cents. All he sells it for above this is clear gain. He is now
receiving about 85 cents, or a profit of 50 cents per bushel.
RANCHING.
The ranching country of Canada is chiefly in Southern Alberta
and Southwestern Saskatchewan. The ranches vary in size from
1,000 to 20,000 acres and over. They must always have a central
supply of water for the use of the stock. This land is usually cov-
ered with the coarse, rich prairie grass, which makes good fodder
both in summer and winter. It is peculiar inasmuch as it does
not form into turf as in other countries, but grows more in tufts,
Close cropping by sheep is injurious, and sheep ranching is
limited to a small specified area in Central Alberta. Many of
the ranches are owned by Englishmen who had considerable
capital with which to begin, but the larger ones are for the most
part operated by companies. During the past few years a large
area has been taken up by settlers from the United States, who
have moved their entire herds and flocks to these lands.
Cattle and horses are branded with the stamp of their owner
and then allowed to roam at large on the plains. They remain
out all winter and can live ordinarily on the grass; but wild hay
is stacked every summer for use when a thaw is followed by
frost, as it is then difficult for the cattle to eat through the
crusted snow.
Twice each year —in the spring and fall —takes place what
is called a "round -up" of all the cattle in each district. Cowboys
are sent out from the ranches, and after driving all the wandering
cattle or horses into a central place, they go through the herd,
"cutting out" the cattle of their own ranches with the young.
As the means of identification, the brand is of the utmost impor-
tance, and the man who fails to respect it is severely punished.
Cattle that have strayed in from other districts are sent to a
single ranch, and the various brands are advertised in the news-
papers so that the owners may claim their cattle. Shipments are
made to the mining districts of British Columbia, to Eastern
Canada, the United States, and England.
GRAIN ELEVATORS.
The immense crops of the West must be stored up for gradual
shipment to Europe. There are at present 1,015 elevators west
of Lake Superior, with a total capacity of 27,683,000 bushels.
To the east are others with a capacity of another 18,500,000
bushels, while several more are being built at Montreal and other
places. The largest is the Canadian Pacific elevator at Fort
William, on Lake Superior. It holds 3,200,000 bushels. These
storehouses are called elevators because they raise the grain
from the waggon before distributing it into the great bins.
MIXED FARMING.
Mixed farming includes the raising of grain, root crops, cattle
and other stock, and dairying. Requiring more labor, it can
develop only as the population increases. Mixed farming is
being carried on in Manitoba, the Saskatchewan Valley, and
Northern Alberta. The dairy produce of Manitoba alone for
1904 is valued at $768,457.38. Beet roots are being cultivated
in Southern Alberta, and the outlook for the industry is
promising.
LIFE SAFE AS IN ANY COUNTRY.
By reason of the superior organization of Canadian justice,
the Canadian West affords every immigrant all the social security
to which he has been accustomed at home.
The Canadian West offers especial advantages to the man of
moderate means and also to the poor man. Thousands of
settlers have come from the United States and from Eastern
Canada, and with their knowledge of the new world conditions,
they rarely make serious mistakes.
OFFICIAL INFORMATION BUREAUS.
For the convenience of the new settler the Government has
established bureaus, from which information is freely given, and
has issued many valuable pamphlets giving instruction and
advice to the new settler. The Government also maintains
experimental farms which give free grain for seed and answer
any enquiries addressed to them.
Any sturdy immigrant should, with a little care and persever-
ance, soon succeed in getting his land under crop. To support
himself during the first period of settlement, and to buy a plough,
oxen, and other equipment, he should have a little capital,
though some settlers first hire out as farm labourers, and then
take up land as they become familiar with the country.
Instruction in Agriculture.
The Government of Canada pays careful attention to agri-
culture, sending expert advice to the farmers through bulletins
and by letter, when asked, and carrying on various farming ex-
periments in different parts of the Dominion. This system is
the most thorough of its kind. There is a Dominion Depart-
ment of Agriculture and there are also, in all the Provinces, Min-
isters or Secretaries of Agricul-
ture, who look after the varied in-
terests of the farming community.
EXPERIMENTAL FARMS.
The work done by the five
Dominion experimental farms is
of great value and interest. The
central farm is located at Otta-
wa; two are in the Northwest
(at Brandon and Indian Head);
one at Agassiz, British Colum-
bia; and one at Nappan, Nova
Scotia. Specialists carry on ex-
periments in all branches of
agriculture, the results being
published in bulletin form.
During the 'ast few years
seeds and Fpe.imens have been
sent out through the mails to
about 200,000 farmers.
In addition there are held an-
nually, in almost every part of
Canada, agricultural fairs, at which the products grown by the
farmer are shown, addresses are given, and prizes awarded.
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL FARM AT INDIAN
HEAD FOR SEVEN CONSECUTIVE YEARS.
SPRING WHEAT.
Name of Variety
Length of
Straw
Yield per Acre
Wei lit
per Bu.
Average
Red Fife ................
42 bu. 5 lbs.
621 lbs.
Alpha.... ,; 4 days earlier
than Red Fife
Averages
between 45
Jin.
40 bu. 23 lbs.
for 8 yrs.
541 lbs.
Preston... 4 days earlier
than Red Fife
and 55 in.
J
43 bu. 34 lbs.
for 7 yrs.
631 lbs.
for 8 yrs.
OATS —AVERAGE FOR SEVEN YEARS.
Abundance.....
Between
93 bu. 11 lbs.
381 lbs.
Golden Beauty...........
45 in. and
87 bu. 22 lbs.
I
40 lbs
Banner .................
55 in.
88 bu. 27 lbs.
391 lbs.
BARLEY —AVERAGE 1 CR [EVEN YEARS.
Menaury................)
Average (
58 bu. 30 11
49} lbs.
Itemin's Improved.......
from 30 in. (l
58 bu. 28 lbs.
52 Iba.
Trooper .................
1} to 35 in.
57 bu. 4 lbs.
52 lbs.
POTATOES.
American Wonder........
Average
429 bu. 10 lbs.
Long oval,
Carmen No. I ...........
for 8 years
392 bu. 3 lbs.
white
Oval, white
Burnaby Seedling .......
J Average
for 7 years
365 bu. 39 lbs.
Long, flat,
pink
AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS.
In Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Manitoba there are
special agricultural schools. Dairy schools have been established
in most of the Provinces, and there are also many farmers' insti-
tutes; live -stock fruit -growers', agricultural, and horticultural
associations; and traveling dairies, all assisted by the several
Provinces. Valuable practical experiments are carried on, and
the results distributed in Government reports and special bul-
letins to all who apply
The largest agricultural school is the Ontario Agricultural
College at Guelph, Ontario, founded in 1874. It has a large
staff of experts and gives a splendid course of training in all
branches of agriculture. A short course lasts for two years,
and is intended to nreoare
young men for life on the farm.
A student may remain a third
year and go up for the exami-
nation for the degree of Bache-
lor of the Science of Agriculture
(B. S. A.). This admirable col-
lege is known throughout
America and abroad.
FREE SCHOOLS.
In Canada every boy and girl
may go to an elementary school
free of all charge for tuition
fees. Every Province pro-
vides generously for schools.
In the West a school district
may comprise an area of
not more than twenty-five
square miles, and must contain
a school population — children
between the ages of five and
twenty —of not fewer than ten.
In 1902 there were 19,386 free schools in Canada, with 1,096,632
pupils and 28,699 teachers; a revenue of $11,790,320, and an
expenditure of $10,787,957. In 1903 Manitoba had 1,584
schools, with 2,089 teachers and 57,409 pupils, and the other
provinces had 743 schools, with 1,152 teachers and 33,191 pupils.
HIGH SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES.
For the secondary schools a small fee is usually charged to
supplement their revenues from municipal taxation and Gov-
ernment grants. In some of the older Provinces, especially in
Ontario and Quebec, there are a number of large residential
schools for boys, much like the great Public Schools of England,
and many colleges for girls and young women. Several large
universities carry on work of a higher grade, and some of them,
notably the University of Toronto and McGill University of
Montreal, have gained a high reputation for scientific work.
All branches of instruction are provided for, and every year
Canadian students cross the Atlantic to continue theii studies in
Great Britain and on the continent.
NORTrl v J
i��
Y'LOT
8 TWENTIETH -CENTURY CANADA
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
Ordinary common sense prompts the idea that in a country
over one thousand miles in length and nearly five hundred
in width there will be found many different conditions of climate,
soil, and topography. This is the case in Western Canada,
and while, in a general way, there may be dissimilarities, yet
there is uniformity in the one essential that all parts offer
inducements, according to the desire of the settler.
For the sake of clearness, it is well to bear in mind that
Western Canada referred to as such in these pages,
comprises the Province of Manitoba and the
newly established Provinces of Alberta and
Saskatchewan. Some
of the northern Dis-
tricts might be in-
cluded, but as these
are in a measure in-
accessible to settle-
ment at the present
time, it is not thought
desirable to deal with
them further than by
passing reference. It
will suffice to state
that even in these
northern Districts ex-
cellent yields of grain
have been produced
and successfully har-
vested -striking collat-
eral evidence of the
favouring climatic con-
ditions in the Districts
farther south.
The Province
of Manitoba.
Manitoba was the
sphere of the pioneer-
ing efforts in Western Canada's immigra-
tion, and its people may be proud of what
it has accomplished by way of example for
the three Territorial Districts to the west, where equal
success is rewarding the efforts of the tillers of the soil. It is not
a quarter of a century since the Province had only 66,000
inhabitants. To -day its population exceeds 450,000. In 1870,
when Manitoba entered the Confederation, its agricultural
production found no place in the records. In 1881 it was
credited as producing 1,000,000 bushels of wheat on an acreage
of 51,300, and 1,270,268 bushels of oats. The acreage of Mani-
toba under crop in 1902 was 3,189,015; 2,039,940 of which
was in wheat, producing a yield of about 53,000,000 bushels.
Correspondingly large increases were seen in oats, barley, flax,
roots, and potatoes. The acreage under crop in 1903 was
3,757,173, with 2,442,873 acres in wheat. The average wheat
yield per acre in 1903 was 16.42 bushels, about ten bushels less
per acre than in the previous year, but the higher price made the
crop of 1903 as profitable as that of 1902. The acreage in
wheat in 1904 was 2,412,235, with a yield of 39,162,458 bushels,
an average of 16.52. The increase for 1905 is 15 per cent.
The rapid expansion of the Province is mirrored in these
figures.
There was also a satisfactory growth of the dairying industry,
and increasing interest was manifested in mixed farm-
ing, largely due to growth in population.
It is worthy of note that, during the win-
ter of 1902-03, 13,986 head of cattle were
d that the number of much
Province was 126,846. The
ge number of milch cows is
ributable to the growing fin-
est taken in dairying, which
4 proved to be wonderfully
lfitable. The dairy produce
for 1904 was valued at
$768,457.38.
A gentleman thor-
o u g h 1 y conversant
with conditions in
Manitoba for many
years recently said :
" The rich soil and
favourable climatic
conditions are here as
a bank account, upon
which present farmers
in the Province are not
yet drawing more than
a portion of the interest
accruing from year to year.
when 20,000,000 acres of
,re are actually cropped shall
,t the account. to our credit
are now under cultivation.
These lands can still be purchased at from $5 to $40 an acre.
Resident farmers, whose lands are valued to -day at from $15
to $40 an acre, are realizing a revenue from the same equal to
7 per cent on an investment of more than double this value."
THE CITY OF WINNIPEG.
Probably no better idea of the prosperity of the country
can be obtained than may be gained by a visit to the city of
Winnipeg, to which it seems impossible for writers to do justice
in ordinary terms of praise. This capital, often spoken of as
the "Chicago of Canada," certainly occupies a prominent posi-
tion amongst the cities of the continent. It is practically the
gateway of the West, and a metropolis of over 80,000 inhabitants
-in all respects a city of magnificent promise, that gives evidence
of a strong and strenuous life. In commercial possibilities
Winnipeg is great. It has electric railways, wide streets, well -
kept boulevards, fine pavements, and the best of other improve-
ments. During the present year about $10,000,000 worth of build-
ings will be erected, a record which is surpassed only by such
cities as Chicago and New York. The jobbing interests and the
mercantile business enterprises are all flourishing.
OTHER CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES.
Besides Winnipeg, the seat of government, there is the city of
Brandon, next- in importance, followed by the towns of Portage
la Prairie, Morden, Carberry, Neepawa, Manitou, Dauphin, Min-
nedosa, Birtle, Emerson, Gretna, Wawanesa, Somerset, Baldur,
Souris, Deloraine, Melita, Virden, Rapid City, Hamiota, Glad-
stone, and a number of others which are rapidly rising in promi-
nence owing to the stability that is given them by the surrounding
agricultural districts. Each has its elevators, mills, and ware-
houses, to accommodate the large quantities of wheat that are
marketed. There axe scores of towns yet to be developed along
the lines of railway throughout the Province, so that newcomers
will find openings in this direction if they so desire.
MANITOBA CROPS.
1902
Acres in Yield Harvest
Crop per Acre I Bushels
1903
A Typical Village School in Manitoba.
1904
Acres in Yield I Harvest I Acres in I Yield I Harvest
Crop per Acre Bushels Crop per Acre Bushels
Wheat ................
2,039,940
26.0
53,077,267
2,442,873
16.42
40116,878
2,412,235
16.52
39,162,458
Oats ..................
725,060
47.5
34,478,160
855,431
38.62
33:035,774
943,574
38.80
36,289,279
Barley ................
329,790
35.9
11,848,422
326,537
26.66
8,707,252
361,004
30.54
11,177,970
Flax ..................
41,200
13.7
564,440
55,900
10.50
586,950
35,428
13.10
461,106
Rye .................
2,559
19.5
49,900
4,899
18.00
88,182
6,293
20.00
125,860
Peas ..................
1,596
21.4
34,154
2,357
17.60
41,483
2,562
20.00
51,240
3,140,145
.........
100,052,343
3,687,997
.........
82,576,519
............
........
............
Roots .................
12,175
265
3,230,995
12,251
282
3,452,340
............
........
............
Potatoes ..............
22,005
157
3,459,325
27,198
175
4,757,000
............
........
............
The Proof of Prosperity in Western Canada
PROFITS TO BE REALIZED.
Areas under wheat in 1902 gave a clear profit of over $6 an
acre. The average yield was 26 bushels, which, at 55 cents per
bushel, gave a return of $14.30 per acre. It is conceded that
all the labor of ploughing, seeding, harvesting, and marketing
can be hired done at $7.50 per acre. Even allowing $8, there
is a balance of $6.30 clear profit. This means a revenue of 7
per cent on land worth $90 per acre. Farmers who make this
profit can rest assured that their lands will rise in value from
year to year, a fact which sets a premium on farsightedness and
enterprise as well as upon industry.
The products of the farms -wheat, coarse grains, meat, dairy
products, poultry, and eggs -are all tangible commodities that
are required to supply daily wants. Prices of these may fluctu-
ate, but never can a farmer become ruinously overstocked with
any one or more of them.
MIXED FARMING PAYS.
While it is grain -growing that has given Manitoba agriculture
so well -deserved a prominence in the eyes of the world, the leaven
of mixed farming is gradually but surely permeating the minds of
farmers. There is scarcely a farmer but has his herd of cattle or
his flock of sheep. He has his hogs fattening for market, and
the poultry proves valuable as a source of revenue.
STOCKERS.
The ever-increasing demand for stockers to be put upon
ranches in Western Canada gives an impetus to cattle -raising in
the Province. Manitoba farmers provide the necessary shelter
for wintering cattle, and the immense crop of coarse grains and
10
fodder, so easily raised, supplies the necessary food for all stock
under shelter. There is no doubt but that Manitoba for many
years will be the recruiting ground to supply ranches with
stockers, and it is only a question of time until Manitoba
farmers, with an enlarged supply of farm help, will direct their
attention more and more to the winter -feeding of fat cattle.
THE HOMESEEBER'S OPPORTUNITY.
Manitoba's population is largely English-speaking. As a rule,
people with means, and those satisfied with existing conditions,
do not move; and it follows that the settlers of Manitoba have
not brought large bank accounts with them. The man who has
continued his farming operations for from six to ten years,
however, is in circumstances which many farmers in older
countries have been unable to reach after a lifetime of toil.
The labourer, likewise, is happy and contented; he is only waiting
for an opportunity to get a farm of his own and become as inde-
pendent as his employer. With a farm free from debt, his fields
of ripening grain ready for harvest; with herds of cattle on his
pasture lands, and flocks of sheep feeding on the hillside; with
dairy and poultry providing the household with groceries and
many other comforts; with schools for his children in the imme-
diate neighborhood; with churches close at hand, and such other
social advantages as he desires within easy reach -what more is
required for a wholesome existence? And that is the condition
of the average Manitoba farmer to -day.
Homesteads may still be obtained on the outskirts of present
settlements to the east of the Red River and between Lakes
Winnipeg and Manitoba, as well as on the west of Lake Manitoba
and in the newly opened districts along the completed line of the
Canada Northern Railway and the portions projected.
RAINFALL -WATER AND FUEL.
Manitoba is not a country of deep snows, as may be judged
from the fact that trains are rarely blocked and seldom delayed
by winter storms. The annual precipitation is 21.4 inches;
mean annual temperature at Winnipeg, 32.7°; January, 5.2°;
July, 66.1 °.
Water and fuel are important considerations for the settler.
In Manitoba, the country is everywhereeasy distances inter-
sected by creeks and rivers, and there are many lakes, especially
in the northern portion of the Province. Water can be secured
almost anywhere by sinking wells to a moderate depth. The
coal fields of the west and the timbered districts of the north
and east, as well as the south, will supply fuel for hundreds
of years.
MANITOBA WHEAT PRODUCTION IN COMPARISON.
The following table will give some idea of the producing
capacity per acre of this land as compared with that of the wheat -
raising belt in the United States:
Av. for 10
yrs., Bu.
1903
Bu.
1902
Bu.
1901
Bu.
1900
Bu.
1899
Bu.
Manitoba .......
21.7
16.4
26.0
25.1
8.9
17.1
Kansas .........
12.7
17.1
10.9
18.5
17.7
9.8
Minnesota.......
14.2
13.1
13.9
12.9
10.5
13.4
North Dakota....
12.7
12.7
15.9
13.1
4.9
12.8
South Dakota....
10.4
13.8
12.2
12.9
6.9
10.7
Nebraska........
12.2
12.6
20.9
17.1
12.0
10.3
Iowa ...........
14.7'
12.1
Missouri.........
11.6
* 8.7
* Winter wheat, other figures being for spring wheat.
12 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
HORSES.
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
13
CATTLE IN MANITOBA.
BEAD
1881 ................... 60,281
1901..................349,886
1903...................
GROWTH OF MANITOBA.
HEAD
1881.. 16,739
1901...................163.867
1903...................
GROWTH OF SASKATCH-
EWAN AND ALBERTA.
1881
1903
Population . ... ...
. 62,260
275,350
1881
1903
Horses ...........16,739
182,649
Population .........56,446
245,650
Horned cattle .....60,281
369850
Horses............10,870
416,560
Sheep............
6,073
42,,650
Horned cattle.....12,872
Sheep............
346
649,650
175,850
Swine ............
17.358
145,650
Swine............
2,775
84,650
In 1877 the first bushel of wheat was shipped from the Prov-
ince. In 1903 there were 3,652,089 acres under crop, with an
export of 40,156,878 bushels of wheat, 33,035,774 of oats,
8,707,252 of barley, 4,757,000 of potatoes.
The first grain exported was a few bushels in 1880. In 1903
the export was: Wheat, 16,111,569; oats, 14,179,705; barley,
1,741,209; flax, 292,852; with 1,706,534 acres under crop in 1904.
In the new provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan —being
much more recently settled than Manitoba —the records do not
go back so far, but they show an average yield per acre equal to
that of Manitoba, and for the last two years, as a matter of
fact, greater.
RAILWAYS.
The more thickly settled portions of the Province are rami-
fied with railways, providing accommodation for marketing
the produce of the farms. In many eases settlement has been
so rapid that it has anticipated railway -building. The new
districts of the Province — those lying in the northern and north-
western sections — are being developed most rapidly, and rail-
way communication in these parts is being provided as the
construction of new railway lines becomes possible. The Grand
Trunk Pacific, the proposed new trans -continental railway, will
overcome many of the difficulties of new and adventurous settlers.
This will make the third line of railway in the Province. The
Canadian Pacific is one of the other two lines —the main line
of which passes directly east and west, with branches from
Winnipeg, Portage la Prairie, and Brandon. The branches cover
most of the southern portion of the Province, while others
extend to the northwest, all of them opening up important
districts. The Canadian Northern Railway system passes
through the populous districts of the south, and by means of
its northern line, which also has several branches, it will make
connection with its line to the Pacific Ocean.
The Evidence of Western Canada's Wealth.
Stable of a Western Canada Stock Raiser.
SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES.
Educationally, the Province holds a proud position, with its
university, colleges, and schools. The schools are free, the organ-
ization being on what is known as the National System. The
Government gives large grants, practically reducing the charge
on the ratepayers to a merely nominal figure. One -eighteenth
of the land is set apart for school purposes.
Churches are found in all the new settlements, and missionaries
of various religious denominations keep pace with settlement,
and sometimes anticipate it. Some of the church edifices are
among the best on the continent. The strict observance of the
Sabbath is commented upon by visitors from districts where
greater laxity is the rule. All the leading fraternal societies
are represented, and whether it be in the hamlet of a few dozen
persons or in the city with its thousands, one or more lodges may
be found.
LAW AND ORDER.
The laws are cast on reasonable lines, and the guardians of the
peace have little difficulty in its maintenance, owing to the law-
abiding character of the population and to the fact that no
favouritism of any kind is permitted or indulged in.
AN EXPERT'S OPINION.
The editor of the Wisconsin Agriculturalist, one of a party of
editors of agricultural papers, who travelled through Canada
during the spring of 1903, deemed it necessary to make an
extended trip, in view of the number from the States crossing the
line in search of permanent homes, and because of what he had
heard in regard to condition of soil, water, climate, topography.
fuel, grasses,, rainfall, and markets. He says:
"The Province of Manitoba comprises within its limits the
famed grain -growing valleys of the Assiniboine and Red rivers.
Although called the Prairie Province. of Canada, Manitoba has
large areas of forest, numerous rivers, and vast expanses of water.
" The soil is a rich, deep mould or loam, resting on a deep clay
subsoil. It is well adapted to wheat growing, giving a bountiful
yield of the finest quality, known the world over as .'Jo. 1 hard
wheat. During the past ten years the growth of when t ar_d
other grains has steadily increased, until now the production,
by 35,000 farmers, reaches over 100,000,000 bushels. Of the
23,000,000 arable acres in Manitoba, probably not one-half
is occupied. Cultivated grasses yield about two tons per acl9
and native grasses a ton and a half.
Southern Saskatchewan.
[Note for the Reader —In 1882 the Dominion Parliament created all
the North West prairie country outside of Manitoba, then a province, into
four Districts oi• Territories, named Trespectively Athabasca, Alberta, Sas-
katchewan, and Assiniboia. o the three latter was given a particular
Form of government known as " the Territorial' Assembly," with Regina as
the capital. This order of things prevailed until September. 1905, when the
four Territories named were converted into two Provinces. Alberta, half of
Athabasca, and the western portion of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan —a
strip about 70 miles in width —constituting the Province of Alberta, the
remaining portion of Assiniboia and all of Saskatchewan and Athabasca,
excepting a strip to the east of both —about 70 miles in width —making
w the tProvince of Saskatchewan. In the interval —the period between
the years 1882 and 1905, all the maps and immigration literature of the
government, as indeed all the records of the country, dealt with it on the
lines of those divisions. To meet the new conditions created by the Do-
minion Parliament enactment, the maps, letter press, facts, figures, and
other data dealt with in this geography are changed and amended.]
Southern Saskatchewan contains an area of 25,000,000
acres. It has a length of about 400 miles east and west by
205 miles north and south. Traveling westward on the line
of the Canadian Pacific Railway, it is entered at a point 212
miles west of Winnipeg. Its two great areas will here be di-
vided into Eastern and Western districts, each of which has
its own peculiar characteristics, the former being essentially a
wheat -growing and mixed farming country, and the western
part of the latter especially adapted for ranching.
EASTERN DISTRICT.
The eastern portion, for a distance of some 120 miles west
from its eastern boundary, is practically a continuation
to the westward of the grain -growing areas of Manitoba, and
although the soil is somewhat lighter than the deep black loam
of the Red River Valley, it is warm and productive. The soil is
a friable loam, easily worked, and producing excellent crops of
wheat, coarse grains, and vegetables. The winter climate
answers all requirements, both as to degree of cold and as to
sufficiency of snowfall, for the production of the No. 1 hard wheat
for which Western Canada is now noted.
This District, in conjunction with the Province of Manitoba,
will one day be one of the greatest wheat -producing sections of
the American continent, and for the following reasons: 1st —It
has a soil particularly rich in the food of the wheat -plant. 2d—
It has a climate that brings the plant to maturity with great
rapidity. 3d—On account of its northern latitude it receives
more sunshine during the period of growth than the country to
the south. 4th—Absence of rust due to dryness of climate.
5th—Absence of insect foes.
These conditions are especially favourable to the growth of
the hard, flinty wheat so greatly prized by millers all the
world over, and commanding a higher price than the softer
varieties grown elsewhere.
The summers leave little to be desired in an agricultural
A Well Selected Homestead —Three Years Residence In Western Canada.
Y
"By Rippling Stream and Purling Brook" --A Western Canada Scene.
country, cyclones or violent storms being thus far unknown.
In most parts good water can be obtained at a reasonable
depth. Settlement has extended rapidly, and many thriving
towns have sprung up along the main line of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, among which may be mentioned Moosomin,
Grenfell, Wolseley, Indian Head, and Qu'Appelle, and on the
line of the Manitoba & Northwestern Railway, Saltcoats and
Yorkton. Here appears the gradual change from the wooded
areas of Manitoba to the great plains region of the new Prov-
inces. In many places the country is park -like, with alternating
groves of poplar and willow, and open prairie.
RAILWAYS IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN.
The main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway extends east
to west almost through the centre of the District, and branch
lines of this road extend from Moose Jaw southeast, and from
Regina to the north through the central portion. Another
branch extends into the northeastern portion of the District
from Manitoba, and present requirements in the way of trans-
portation are thus well provided for.
During the past year a large amount of railway construction
has been carried on, and the southern portion of the Eastern
District is well supplied. The Arcola line runs close to the
Moose Mountains, passing through the well-known Alameda
country to Regina, its eastern terminus being Winnipeg.
It also opens up a magnificent stretch of wheat -growing land
south of Regina and Indian Head. Another projected line south
of the main line is one from Moosomin, which will open up a
large tract of land, suitable for mixed farming, north of the
Moose Mountains. When completed this will connect with the
Arcola branch.
Extensions of the Canadian Northern into Southern Saskatch-
ewan will give additional railway advantages. Districts that
are now being settled in advance of the railway will welcome
these extensions.
North of the main line of the Canadian Pacific there are a
number of branch lines, both of the Canadian . Pacific and
Canadian Northern, under construction or projected. These pass
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
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TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
16 4? 1
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16 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
17
through districts that have been opened up within the past year
or two. Those have been fortunate who have been able to secure
lands by purchase or homestead right in the districts traversed
by these roads. They are specially adapted to mixed farming
and stock raising, as well as the raising of grain. A section
attracting attention is the Quill Plains, which is reached by two
lines of railway. The entire country lying north of Qu'Appelle
River will shortly be served by railways. These pass through
Last Mountain Lake district, on their way to the Saskatchewan.
RIVERS AND SMALLER STREAMS.
while others have developed the resources and increased the land
values of the country districts. A large acreage was harvested
this season, and abundant yields are the result. Although
large quantities of land have been disposed of and occupied
as homesteads in these districts, there are still innumerable
opportunities for settlers to acquire land free from the Gov-
ernment, and at reasonable prices from the railway or land
companies. Many of these land companies have agencies in the
Western United States and representatives in the principal
towns in the vicinity of the lands they offer. Extending back
eastward and westward from the points named are large
settlements.
The valleys along Saskatchewan, Qu'Appelle, Assiniboine, and FUEL.
Souris rivers, Pipestone, Long, and other creeks, are specially Coal in abundance is found in the south, in the district
adapted for mixed farming, and the open prairie beyond affords drained by the Souris River. Sufficient wood for all purposes
for many years to come is to be found
along the rivers and in the Moose Mountains.
AW
ii
4
Harvesting _ w:, y ^ "
in Western Canada. £. m
large areas for grazing or t
grain growing. The Moose }
F r
Mountain district is wonder-
fully productive, and many local
water courses head in the mountains. The
pasture is luxuriant, while water in streams, small lakes, and
ponds is abundant. The slopes of the mountains are dotted
with farms, while the open plain at their base affords grazing
for herds of cattle and flocks of sheep.
SOME OF THE DISTRICTS.
For agricultural uses the Districts of Moosomin and Qu'Appelle
are wonderfully favoured, lying as they do in the great stretch
of the fertile belt. Included in the Qu'Appelle area are the Pleas-
ant Plains, no less fertile than the famous wheat -growing plains
of Manitoba. The soil is for the most part loam, covered with
about twelve to eighteen inches of black vegetable mould, which
after the second ploughing makes a fine seed -bed, easy to work,
and most productive. Generally speaking, these remarks apply
to all the eastern part of the district. The Beaver Hills and
the Touchwood Hills in the northern part are especially well -
adapted for stock raising. Mixed farming has also proved
very successful. Most important development has taken place
on that portion of the Prince Albert branch of the Canadian
Pacific Railway. Lumsden, Craik, Girvin, Hanley, and Dun-
durn are thriving towns, populated mostly by settlers from
the United States, some of whom, with commendable thrift
and enterprise, have erected splendid buildings in the towns,
SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN.
The foregoing remarks, written of
Southeastern Saskatchewan, apply largely
4 " to a considerable portion of Southwestern
Saskatchewan, and also to Central Sas-
katchewan and much of Alberta. South-
western Saskatchwan is entered at McLean
station, and its first considerable town is
.< Regina, the capital of the Northwest Ter-
ritories. The land here is a rich, fertile
loam, as well to the south as to the north.
1)uriul the past three years marked development
has taken place along the "Soo" line. Most of
this land has been taken up by settlers from the
United States, who have "broken" large areas.
The crops here last season were excellent, and the settlers
speak most encouragingly of their prospects. Several
new and important towns have sprung into existence
along this line, such as Halbrite, Weyburn, Yellow Grass, Mile-
stone, and Rouleau. The cultivation of flax is carried on to
a large extent. A number of farmers have paid the entire
cost of their farms from the yield of the first crop of flax.
RANCHING.
At Moosejaw and some distance west grain raising as well as
mixed farming is carried on. During the past two or three
years considerable settlement has been going on in the district
to the Northwest toward the Saskatchewan. What was until
recently thought to be somewhat and land is found to be fairly
productive, and since the land has been taken up, good crops of
grain have been successfully harvested. But going on west
the humid districts are left behind and the sub -arid portions
approached. The prairie ceases to be suited to the plough, but
affords first-class grazing for sheep and cattle. Very few farms
are to be seen, and it is soon recognized that the ranching country
has been reached. The ranching or and zone begins about the
northeastern point of Montana and extends northwest in Sas-
katchewan to a point about 110 miles north of the United
States boundary; it then drops down in a southwesterly direc-
tion to the mountains in Southern Alberta.
Great herds of range cattle roam at will all over these seemingly
boundless pastures. The profits to the stockmen are large, as
may be readily understood when it is known that $40 to $50
per head has been paid on these ranges for steers that cost their
owners only the interest on the original investment of stocking
the ranch, and their share in the cost of the annual round -ups.
j
00
E'
A Saskatchewan Residence —The Home of a Former Minnesotan.
In this part of the Northwest the winters are mild, and the
snowfall is so light that cattle, horses, and sheep graze the
whole year. There is little cropping, and only where irrigation
has been effected by the construction of cheap ditches. This
method has proved highly successful.
The Swift Current Creek region is excellent as a stock country.
It is everywhere thickly covered with a good growth of nutri-
tious grasses — mostly of the short, crisp variety known as "buf-
falo grass," which becomes to all appearance dry, about midsum-
mer, but is still green and growing at the roots, and forms
excellent pasture both in winter and summer. One is amazed
at the rapidity with which emaciated animals brought from other
parts fatten on the buffalo grass of the plains. '
Though this part of the district has been heretofore regarded
as a ranching country only, a number of farmers have recently
taken up land with the idea of raising the cereals and are quite
hopeful of success. Should their hopes become realized, it will
add largely to the grain growing area of Southern Saskatchewan.
FUEL.
The supply of timber on the hills is considerable. There is
also an abundance of fuel of a different kind in the coal seams
that are exposed in many of the valleys. Settlers in this section
of the country have thus an abundant supply of timber, suitable
for house logs and fencing, and both coal and wood for fuel.
CLIMATE.
Southwestern Saskatchewan feels the effects of the Chinook
winds from the Pacific Ocean, which quickly remove much of the
snow that falls during two or three months of the year. This
circumstance, together with the rich growth of grass, has of late
brought parts of this district into favour with cattle, sheep, and
horse raisers, and it is claimed portions of it are adapted to grain -
raising. The town of Medicine Hat, which is a divisional point
on the railway, is situated on the South Saskatchewan River, near
the eastern boundary of Alberta. Here is found natural gas of
good quality.
This portion of Saskatchewan offers splendid opportunities for
intending settlers who desire to go in for pastoral pursuits and
dairy -farming, and numerous choice locations may be had. The
natural grazing advantages enable one to keep a large number
of cattle, sheep, or horses, which need no feed except for short
intervals during exceptionally stormy weather in the winter
months. During the past couple of ,years considerable has been
done in the Medicine Hat district in grain -raising and mixed
farming. Near Irvine, there is a fairly large and prosperous
German community. The remaining portion of the plains
region, along the northern and northwestern limits of South-
western Saskatchewan affords excellent summer grazing for
cattle and sheep. Some favourable locations are also to be
found along the valley of the South Saskatchewan River.
SUMMING UP.
The possibilities of Southwestern Saskatchewan are shown by
the averages of tests made at the experimental farm in 1902,
when eleven varieties of the most suitable wheat, sown on April
the 19th, were cut in 130 days, and yielded 4,314 pounds of
straw and 43 bushels and 2 pounds of grain per acre. The
mixed farming area is excellent, while the range cattle, horses,
and sheep are all that can be desired. The treeless portion
is underlaid with coal.
Central Saskatchewan.
That portion of the Province of Saskatchewan comprised in
what was formerly the District of Saskatchewan has an area of
about 104,700 square miles. It is almost centrally divided by the
main Saskatchewan River, which is altogether within the District,
and by its principal branch, the North Saskatchewan, most
of whose navigable length lies within its boundaries. It
includes, in the south, a small proportion of the great plains, and
in its general superficial features may be described as a mixed
prairie and wooded region, abounding in water and natural hay,
and well suited by climate and soil for the raising of wheat,
cattle and sheep. As a general thing, the surface is gently
undulating prairie, with lakes and ponds, rolling prairie inter-
spersed with bluffs of poplar, and high, rolling country, portions
of which are -heavily timbered with spruce and pine.
RIVERS.
The Saskatchewan is a magnificent stream with an immense
network of tributaries; it waters an extensive territory. It is
formed by the confluence of two forks —one rising in th3 Rocky
Mountains a hundred miles north of the international boundary,
the other in the same range farther north. It is navigable, and
will play an important part in the transportation of bulky
freights as the country is opened up.
FREE HOMESTEADS.
Settlement is at present chiefly in the Prince Albert, Rosthern,
Duck Lake, Saskatoon. Hague, Osler, Shell River, Batoche,
Humboldt, Lloydminster, Stony Creek, Carlton, Carrot River,
Birch Hills, The Forks, St. Laurent, St. Louis de Langevin, and
the Battleford districts, in nearly all of which a great quantity
of the best land is open for free homesteading. Some of these
places, especially those along the line of railway, have grown
marvelously within the past two years. In great measure that
which may be said of one district applies equally to the others.
Western Canada's Flocks Thrive and Fatten on the Prairie Grasses.
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA 19
20 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
21
The crops consist of wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes. Turnips
and. all kinds of vegetables are raised successfully. The normal
yield of wheat (Red Fyfe) is about thirty bushels to the acre in
favourable seasons; of oats, about sixty bushels. There has
never been a failure of crops, and settlers enjoy a steady home
market, from which they realize good prices for their products.
The District is well supplied with good roads. Wild fruits of
nearly every variety —strawberry, raspberry, gooseberry, blue-
berry, high -bush cranberry, and black currants —grow in
profusion. Small game is plentiful.
LANDS FOR SALE AT LOW PRICES.
Large areas of land have been purchased by various land
companies. In addition to the excellent lands of the Canadian
Pacific Railway, which are being sold at reasonable prices, those
granted to the Canadian Northern Railway, and especially
selected for their adaptability to grain -raising, mixed farming,
and ranching are on the market, and finding ready purchasers.
When it is known that in many instances farmers have paid
for their holdings out of a single crop, it will be readily
understood how liberal are the terms on which land may
be had. Prices range, for unimproved land, from 85 to
$12 per acre.
The same marked development is noticed west as
well as east of the present line of railway, and when
the Grand Trunk Pacific is built and extended
from east to west, almost every portion of
Saskatchewan will be fully served. West
of the railway is to be found land of
exceptional fertility. Very much of
this is yet unsettled. Great interest
is taken in the entire district lying
along the north branch of the Sas-
katchewan. The Battleford
district, the centre of a rich
section of farming and ranching
land, will attract many settlers during
the coming season. It is west of this that a
large number of people from the British Isles
have settled recently. The Grand Trunk
Pacific, the Canadian Pacific, and the Canadian
Northern are surveying lines through this ter-
ritory some of which will be completed to
Battleford in the early spring of 1905.
For Comfort, What
More is Required ?
CLIMATE.
The climate is not only healthful, but bracing. The sum-
mer temperature is remarkably equable, averaging about 60'.
Spring opens about the beginning of April. Seeding is gen-
erally completed in May, and harvest usually begins about the
third week in August. During winter settlers are generally
employed in getting out fuel, rails for fencing, and logs for
building purposes; in marketing their grain; and in caring for
stock.
STOCK RAISING AND RANCHING.
The country is remarkably well adapted for stock raising, and
large shipments are mdde annually. Cattle must be fed and
sheltered three to four months every winter. Horses winter
out a_, and can, therefore, be kept in large bands. Sheep
require the same care as cattle and do better in small flocks.
DAIRY FARMING.
Any portion of this District will answer all the requirements for
dairy farming. On the slopes of the Eagle Hills, or south of the
Saskatchewan, conditions are most suitable, owing to the luxuri-
ance of the grass and abundance of springs. North of the Sas-
katchewan are good grass lands, particularly in the vicinity of
Jackfish Lake and Turtle Mountain. In the former district an
extensive creamery has been established, which makes large
shipments to British Columbia. The abundance of pure water
and the coolness of the nights favour dairying. The home
demand is now and always has been large, so that dairy products
command good prices.
SOIL, WATER, AND FUEL.
The soil ranges from clay loam to sandy loa.r,. 7, tb -ich,
chocolate -colored clay to sandy subsoil.
The country is well watered; not everyone can locate on t,.e
banks of a running stream, but anyone can get a plentitu!
supply of good water by digging a few feet for it.
To the north there are bluffs or groves of spruce and pine,
and the miles of outcropping coal, with the forests on the North
Saskatchewan, insure an ample supply of cheap fuel and building
material.
DEVELOPMENT RAPID AND GENERAL.
The tide of immigration to the Province of Saskatchewan
has been steadily increasing year by year, as the
country has become better known, and doubtless
its development will receive a very consider-
able impulse with the spread of railway
communication and the greater facility
thus afforded for marketing produce.
Along the line of the Canadian North-
ern, as well as along the Regina &
Long Lake Railway, the northern
terminus of which at present is
Prince Albert, hundreds of settlers
from the United States have gone
within the past year. Most of
them took up homesteads and bought
@• additional land from other large owners or
dealers.
The town of Prince Albert, on the north branch
of the. Saskatchewan, is the seat of various in-
dustries. Three lumber mills are now in opera-
tion — two in the town and a third at Steep
Creek, a few miles distant. From these mills a
rge quantity of lumber is exported by the railway, in
addition to the supply required for the various building needs
of the region.
Among others Melfort district, on the Saskatchewan, forty
miles east of Prince Albert, is highly spoken of. Since the rail -
A Well Kept Farm in Saskatchewan.
road has reached there settlement (from the United States and
Europe) has wonderfully increased. Another large tract is
the stretch of prairie west from Redberry Lake, lying toward
Battleford, in the elbow formed by the North Saskatchewan.
This fertile plain reaches over to the Vermillion River country
into which outposts of settlement have been planted, going by
way of Edmonton.
For years the Battleford district has been looked upon as one
that possessed many advantages, settlers having occupied lands
and farmed there successfully for twenty or twenty-five years.
Although over a hundred miles from a railway, they succeeded
wonderfully. With railroads now passing through the district,
the district will soon be filled. (The Canadian Northern has
now reached Battleview, the new town north of Battleford.)
Homesteads are plentiful at the present time.
The race across the northern grain belt toward the Pacific on
the part of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Canadian
Northern Railway is now on, and it may be said that they will
give Saskatchewan two great east -and -west trunk lines hundreds
of miles, in length. The engineers and surveyors of the Grand
Trunk Pacific are on the ground selecting a location for that
railway and its branches. It is not surprising, under these
circumstances, that the rich lands of the Saskatchewan Valley
should suddenly become valuable, but they are still to be had at
low prices.
MOISTURE.
Moisture is ample in Saskatchewan District, the precipita-
tion being about eighteen inches annually. It is notable that
about 75 per cent of the rainfall is during the crop months.
With rain coming when needed and with several hours' more
sunshine daily during the growing season than farther south,
it is not difficult to understand why crops mature quickly and
yield bountifully.
Alberta.
The Province of Alberta, with an area of 253,281 square
miles and a land acreage of about 158,338,560, has
within its limits two divisions, showing marked distinctions in
topographical and climatic conditions.
The southern is an open, rolling country,
devoid of timber, except along the streams
and in the foothills of the Rocky Moun-
tains, while the northern half is more or
less timbered throughout, the belts of
timber being broken here and there by
prairie openings, some of which are of
considerable extent.
The advantages which the northern
and southern portions of the Province
offer to the intending settler are so diverse
in character that it is customary to speak
of them separately, as " Northern Al-
berta" and "Southern Alberta."
SOUTHERN ALBERTA.
The soil of Alberta is, as a whole, a
rich, alluvial loam. In places gravel and
sandy ridges occur, but in the valleys the
accumulated silt deposit of ages has pro-
duced a soil of the richest kind and of
great depth.
The climate of Southern Alberta is one of its most attractive
features, the winters being mild, with very little snow, and the
summers hot and dry. The rainfall in this section averages
about twelve inches in the year, and while this amount of pre-
cipitation is not sufficient to insure good crops in the major-
ity of years, the aridity of the District constitutes its chief
factor of value as a grazing country, the absence of rainfall
during the late summer months causing the native grasses to
become cured on the ground, retaining their nutritive qualities
in such a manner that stock pastured thereon remain fat all
winter. Cold and stormy weather is, of course, experienced at
times during the winter months, but the prevailing warm
winds which blow from the west, locally known as Chinook winds,
rapidly disperse anv snow which falls, and for days at a time
cause a rise in the thermometer to almost summer temperature.
RANCHING AND DAIRYING.
Southern Alberta is essentially a ranching and dairying country
and offers unequalled opportunities for effort in these directions.
The District is composed of high, open plains, broken by the
valleys of numerous large streams which rise in the Rocky
Mountains and flow to the east, the country becoming more
or less rolling and hilly as the heads of these streams are
approached. The valleys and bench lands produce a most luxuri-
ant and nutritious growth of native grasses, chief among whieh
is the far -famed " bunch grass." Cattle, horses, and sheep graze
outside during the whole year, and hay is easily and cheaply
Mouse and Stables in Western Canada. Very Little,Money
When the Owner Arrived.
22
TWENTIETH CENTURY- CANADA
10 11
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA 23
12 13 14 15 18 17 10 19 6,. 20 21 sae 22
11 2
73^ 12 13 "' 14 15 4s, 16 17 71, t8 19 e9^ 20 21
24 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
25
Sunday Afternoon in One of the New Settlements in Western Canada.
secured for weak stock. With good management, the profits to
stockmen are large, $40 and $50 per head being paid for steers
on the ranges in 1902. Large bands of young stock are annually
brought in from Eastern Canada and some of the Western United
States, to be fattened on the ranges, the profits being suffi-
ciently large to amply pay for reshipment, after fattening, to
European and other eastern markets. Mixed farming is success-
fully carried on somewhat generally in some parts.
Dairying is carried on with great success, the country being
preeminently fitted for it. To a wide range of the best wild
pasture are added an abundant water supply and shading and
sheltering groves of trees. During the summer season the
averages are for each cow 41 gallons of milk per day, and 61
pounds of butter per week.
Though a large portion of Southern Alberta is bare of timber
for fuel, this lack is amply compensated for by an inexhaustible
supply of coal of excellent quality, which crops out at many
points along the steep banks of the streams that plentifully water
the country.
SUPPLY OF WATER.
Irrigation is largely resorted to in producing grain and fodder
crops, and by this means returns of the most satisfactory char-
acter are obtained. The many streams flowing down from the
mountains afford a bountiful supply of water for this purpose
and at the present time some three hundred miles of ditches,
and canals have been constructed to carry water for irrigation.
These streams also afford an unfailing supply of pure and cold
water for stock and for dairy operations, and, combined with
the absence of flies during the summer months, produce the best
results in the production of butter and cheese.
WINTER WHEAT IN ALBERTA.
During the past two or three years considerable success has
followed the growing of winter wheat. This has been particu-
larly the case in the neighborhood of the foothills, north of
Calgary, and around Lethbridge, Macleod, and Claresholm.
The Government is awaiting the experiments now being made
by the farmers who have taken up this feature before recommend-
ing the District as one adapted to the growth of fall or winter
wheat. Reports of those who have grown it are very encourag-
ing. Reports are at hand, showing a yield of forty-five bushels to
the acre. Writing from Didsbury, Alberta, a farmer who has
spent nine years in the country, liking it better as time goes on,
says he thinks fall wheat will do as well there as in the East.
W. C. Petre, of Red Deer, Alberta, writes encouragingly of the
growth of fall wheat in that District.
El
RAILWAY COMMUNICATION.
Southern Alberta is traversed from east to west by the main
line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and from north to south
by the Calgary & Edmonton Railway, and in addition a branch
of the former line runs through the southwestern portion from
Lethbridge to Medicine Hat, and from Lethbridge the Great Falls
& Canada Raiwlay extends to the south as far as the Great
Northern Railway in Montana. Several important centres of
trade are situated in Southern Alberta, chief among which are
the city of Calgary, at the junction of the Canadian Pacific and
Calgary & Edmonton railways, and, farther to the south, the
thriving towns of Lethbridge and Macleod. At these points
ample banking and business facilities are to be found, and
several manufacturing industries have been commenced.
Other towns in Southern Alberta are Okotoks, High River,
Cardston, Stirling, Magrath, Raymond (where a large beet -
sugar factory has been erected), Claresholm, and Pincher
Creek. The District now contains a large number of ranchers
and dairy farmers; many favourable locations are to be had
by incoming immigrants who may desire to embark in either of
these undertakings.
NORTHERN ALBERTA.
Northern Alberta comprises that great fertile valley stretching
from about forty miles north of Calgary on for 200 miles more,
past the Red Deer, Battle, North Saskatchewan, and Sturgeon
rivers. It is a country well wooded and well watered, where a
settler with little means does not need to expend all his capital to
provide shelter for himself and his stock. If he has no timber on
his own land, he can for 25 cents get a permit from the Govern-
ment and cut 1,801 lineal feet of building timber, 400 roof poles,
200 fence rails, and 30 cords of dry wood, and put up his build-
ings. (The same regulations exist for Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
and Assiniboia.) As for water, at high points on the prairies,
out of the sides of the hills and in the coul6es flow springs of
water that remain open the year round. The purest water
can be obtained at a depth of from fifteen to thirty feet.
The town of Edmonton, which is about the centre of the Dis-
trict, is in latitude 53' 29' north and longitude 113' 49' west.
It is, therefore. as far south as Dublin in Ireland, Liverpool
A Good Morning's Bag of Game.
•
M
and York in England, or Hamburg
in Germany; farther south than any
part of Scotland, Denmark, Norway,
or Sweden; and 455 miles farther
south than St. Petersburg, the capital
of Russia.
SCENERY.
The scenery is of varied beauty.
Level and rolling prairie, hill and
dell, clad in grass and flowers,
dotted with groves of aspen, poplar,
and spruce, delight the eye. Lakes,
lakelets, and ponds reflect the bright
blue skies above, and the deep mag-
nificent valleys of the great Sas-
katchewan and other smaller but not
less beautiful watercourses lend
boldness to a landscape of other -
vise ideally pastoral charm.
COAL.
Inexhaustible supplies of coal underlie the whole country and
crop out on the sides of the valleys, rendering the work of mining
so cheap that the fuel is sold at the mouth of the pit at a nominal
figure, whilst it is delivered in the bins of the householders of
Edmonton at a very low price.
EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.
A system of free public schools has been established. The
organization of districts is optional with the settlers. The average
cost to the settler for school maintenance is from $3 to $8 a year.
The Government liberally supports all public schools.
Religious privileges are fully and freely enjoyed by all denom-
inations. The Presbyterian, Episcopal, Methodist, Baptist,
Roman Catholic, Congregational, and Lutheran churches are
ably represented by resident and travelling clergymen.
GAME.
Game is either rare or plentiful, according to locality and
season. The most plentiful are ducks of many varieties, the
grouse (generally called prairie chicken), and the hare, known as
the rabbit. To these add, in lesser numbers, geese, swans, loons,
pelicans, cranes, partridges, snipe, plover; moose, red, black -
tailed, and other deer; and of the furry tribe, too, many of the
small variety of wolf, called coyote, a few skunks and foxes, an
occasional black or brown bear and timber wolf; badger, ermine,
lynx, muskrat, marten, mink, otter, and wolverines.
There are sturgeon, catfish, and trout in the Saskatchewan
River; pike, pickerel, carp, and goldeyes occur in that and other
streams and lakes. In several lakes, such as Pigeon, St. Anne,
and Lac iti Biche, the beautiful and nutritious whitefish abound.
[The foregoing will apply with equal force to Manitoba and the other
Provinces.
SANITARY CONDITIONS.
The water supply is ample and wholesome from a sanitary
point of view. The air is clear, pure, and aseptic, containing a
large proportion of ozone — the natural air purifier. As to the
soil in reference to its influence on health, it is only necessary
to say that it does not breed the miasma of malaria, which is the
cause of ague in its many forms; nor, owing to the altitude and
low mean temperature, can malaria ever exist.
The climate is not only invigorating to adults, whether in full
An Alberta Threshing Scene.
health or otherwise, but seems to have a special influence in
developing strong and healthy children. No better climate for
children than that of Northern Alberta is to be found in America.
Sufferers from consumption, asthma, chest and throat affec-
tions, rheumatism, ague, and many other diseases are always
greatly benefited and frequently cured by a residence here.
TOWNS IN NORTHERN ALBERTA.
The most important town in Northern Alberta is Edmonton,
with a population of about 7,500. Its situation on the north
bank of the Saskatchewan River is an advantageous one. Across
the river, on the southern bank, is the town of Strathcona, with
a population of 2,500. From both these points settlers find it
an easy matter to " make " the outlying settlements.
Another important town is Fort Saskatchewan, twenty-five
miles to the east. An excellent district is that lying along the
Vermillion River, as are also the Beaver Lake and Birch Lake
districts, to the south of it.
Along the Calgary & Edmonton branch of the Canadian
Pacific are such important towns as Didsbury, Olds, Innisfail,
Red Deer, Lacombe, Ponoka, Wetaskiwin, and Leduc.
RAILWAYS IN NORTHERN ALBERTA.
The Calgary & Edmonton branch of the Canadian Pacific
Railway runs in a line almost due north from Calgary to Edmon-
ton. Branches are under construction from Lacombe and
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28 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
29
The First Year of One of Canada's Best Citizens.
Wetaskiwin, in order to reach the splendid farming lands lying to
the east of these towns. Already considerable settlement has
gone on in anticipation of the early extension of these branches,
which will connect with lines from the east. The Canadian
Northern has the grading done, and will soon have the rails laid
to Edmonton on its line through the fertile belt passing through
Battleford and up through the Beaver Lake and Vermillion
Ri per districts. Other lines contemplated will open up many
new and . aluable agricultural districts, besides giving railroad
facilities to the large settlements that have already been made
several miles from the existing railway. In fact, all through the
country lying east and west of the Calgary & Edmonton line, a
period of development is now under way that will equal anything
that has taken place in any of the former history of the settle-
ment of Western Caa,ada's fertile prairies.
RIVERS.
Rivers intersect the entire country, and large lakes of excel-
lent water are plentiful. Some of the more important are
the Saskatchewan, Vermillion, Battle, and Red Doer, with innu-
merable tributaries. Sufficiency of moistere, so necessary to
farming, is quite assured. There is also ai aple rainfall in the
season when it is most required.
MIXED FARMING, RANCHING, AND DAIRYING.
These are carried on all through Northern Alberta with great
success. Wonderful yields per acre of wheat, oats, and barley
are reported. Northern Alberta is well suited for ranching,
the grass being of luxuriant growth and very nutritious; shelter
is easily obtained. In most cases it is necessary to house stock
during a portion of the winter season.
Dairying offers a means of paying all the expenses of living
and operating the farm. The raising of poultry offers an easy
source of profit.
AN AGRICULTURAL EDITOR'S OPINION.
After making a tour of inspection, the editor of the Wisconsin
Agriculturist said in that paper:
" Within the borders of Northern Alberta is a practically illim-
itable area of fertile land, well timbered and well watered. The
surface of the country is gently undulating, and through the
centre of the District the Saskatchewan River flows, from one to
two hundred feet below the level. Wood and prairie alternate
irregularly. In some parts there are plains free from timber, and
in others great areas of woods composed of large trees. The soil
consists of a layer of from one to three feet of black vegetable
mould, with little or no mixture of sand or gravel. It is peci liar
to this section of the country that the black mould is as 6 aep
on the knolls and ridges as it is in the hollows. With a soil of
such depth and °;,rtility,• it is not wonderful that in ordinarily
good seasons a large yield of oats to the acre has not been uncom-
mon, sixty to seventy-five bushels, averaging forty pounds to the
bushel, being an ordinary yield; th:.t barley will yield sixty
bushels and wheat over forty, while poi-,atoes of from two to
three pounds' weight are not a rarity. Of course, these yields
have not been attained every year, nor in a,r year by every
farmer, but they have been attained, and prove that the capacity
is in the soil if the tillage is given to bring it out.
"There is a varied and nutritive pasture during a long season
in summer; there is an abundant supply of hay procurable for
winter feeding, and an abundant and universally distributed
water supply. The climate is clear, equable, and healthful,
which makes this a pleasant country to live in. There are very
few summer or winter storms, and no severe ones. Blizzards
and wind storms are unknown. As a consequence a fine class
of cattle can be raised very cheaply and with small danger of
loss."
LETTERS FROM SETTLERS.
As nothing so convincing can be published concerning the
advantages of a country as the written testimony of actual
settlers, a number of letters received from settlers throughout
Western Canada have been published in pamphlet form.
This pamphlet will be forwarded on request by any of the agents
whose names appear elsewhere. These men, for the most part,
possessed little or no means to start with, but they came, saw,
and conquered, and are now, as their evidence shows, prospering.
The Calgary District is watered by many beautiful timber -
fringed rivers, all clear, swift -running streams, fresh from the
snow-capped Rockies, which form an enchanting background to
the scenery of the district. The foothills and prairie surrounding
the city are covered with a profuse growth of the rich and
nutritive grasses on which cattle feed and fatten the year
round and which have made Alberta beef famous. Most of
the land in the district within a radius of fifty miles of the
city is capable of producing all grains, roots, and vegetables in
great quantity and of first-class quality.
" The facilities in the neighbourhood of Calgary for mixed farm-
ing are such as to assure to the industrious man not only a
good living for himself and family but the certainty of saving
and adding to his possessions until he becomes comparatively
wealthy.
ne
. ES -
tern Canada's Harvest.
Who Will Succeed in Western
Canada.
For those with some capital at their disposal Western Canada
affords unlimited openings. They can engage in agricultural
pursuits, taking up free grant lands, buying railway lands, or
purchasing the improved farms to be found in advantageous
positions; or in mining; or in the manufacturing industries.
For those possessed of a settled income, living will be found
exceedingly cheap, with the benefits of a fine, healthy climate,
magnificent scenery, abundant opportunities for sport, and
facilities for education and placing children in life not to be
excelled anywhere.
HOW TO GET EXPERIENCE.
Strong and healthy young men from eighteen to twenty-one
years of age, who are prepared to accept for a time the hard
work and surroundings more or less inseparable from a farm
labourer's life, have no difficulty in getting employment in the
spring; and the agents of the Government in Canada will assist
them as far as possible in doing so, with
course, without accepting any direct
responsibility. Being without experience
they will not get high wages at th(
outset, but they will be able to com
mand increased remuneration in proper
tion to the value of their work. Them
is no necessity to pay premiums.
Young men, single, who come in
March, April, or May, with less than
$25, looking for positions as farm
labourers, will find a list of applica-
tions from farmers in all parts of the
country who want hired help, at the
Dominion Immigration Office, Winnipeg
It is much wiser for the newcomer t(
stay for the winter with a farmer, in i
comfortable home, though the wages bi
only a few dollars a month, rather that
go to the city or town expecting to gel
a job. There are opportunities, how
ever, on the approach of winter, to joh
camp outfits that go to the bush in variou
parts to cut firewood or get out ties an(
sawlogs. Experienced axemen make goo(
wages at this work, and return in th-
spring to labour on farms. Any careful young man can, from the
beginning, earn and save enough each year to make payment on
say 160 acres of land, as payments are spread over ten years.
Besides the help required in the harvest fields there is a
demand each season for strong, able-bodied men, accustomed to
hard work, on railroad construction.
The wages for female help in farmers' homes would vary from
$6 to $10 a month. The experience of many farmers' wives has
been that their servant girl is most likely, before many years
pass, to get married to a neighbouring farmer and become
mistress of her own home.
MARRIED MEN WITHOUT CHILDREN.
It is generally easy to find a situation for a married man with-
out children, when husband and wife are both willing to engage
in work; the husband as farm labourer, the wife to assist in
the housework, or, in many instances, they may find work with
a bachelor, when the wife takes full charge of the housekeeping.
It is not so easy to find a situation for a married man with
two or more children, as at present few farmers have a second
house on the farm to accommodate such a family, and the farm-
house is not large enough to accommodate two families.
YOUNG MEN WITH $250 OR LESS.
It is better to work for wages a year until one learns the value
of things as well as the methods of farming. In all probability,
before the end of the first year, there would be an opportunity
to purchase a quarter section of land, by making a small cash
payment, and, by purchasing a few head of cattle, be prepared in
two or three years to start for oneself.
WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH $Soo.
A newcomer with $500 could homestead 160 acres at once,
and put up a house thereon, as well as make the other necessary
homestead improvements and then go out to the older settled
districts during the other six months of the year, which would
tide him over a second six months of homestead. In three
30 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
31
THE MAN WITH $r,000.
Any single man, or married man with.or without family, can
make a fair start with $1,000 capital. He can either homestead
or purchase land, making payment on the installment plan to
cover a period of ten years. A small house would be required,
also some outbuildings for horses, cattle, swine, and poultry. A
wagon, plough, and harrows would be purchased. A couple of
months might well be devoted to working out in harvest and
threshing, earning some money to help him over the winter.
Anyone who has from $500 to $1,000 cash would do well to
rent the first year. Many of the farms to rent have a house
and stable thereon, and the owner is often willing to supply
seed, and sometimes implements, taking a share of the crop in
return; or, the newcomer can purchase everything necessary,
putting in a crop of 100 to 150 acres, and after seeding have
two or three weeks to look about in selecting a_permanent home.
CAPITAL MEANS OPPORTUNITY.
The settler who comes with considerable money, or money with
a carload of stock and household effects, is one, two, or five
years ahead of the man who comes with but little means, for he
is at once able to place himself in a good settlement, buy what
he wants cheap for cash, and push vigorously.
It is never wise to invest all the capital a settler brings with
him the first year. Better place some money in a bank as a nest
egg for use in emergency, or if a specially good offer presents
itself during the year he can purchase either land or stock.
AS TO BUYING LAND.
First: Never purchase without a personal inspection.
Second: The nearer you are to a railway station as a market,
the more valuable the land is, and the more its value will in-
crease in the future.
All other things being equal, land not more than five miles from a
station would be valued, say, at $10 per acre; land at from five to
ten miles would be valued at $7.50, and from ten to fifteen miles,
somewhat less. Prices are increasing as the demand increases.
If an intending settler has any friend or acquaintance he
should by all means write to such an one, stating how he is
situated and what he would like to do, either in the way of
securing a situation, renting a farm, or purchasing one.
If the intending settler knows no one, he should purchase
ticket to Winnipeg only, and on arrival there call upon the Com-
missioner of Immigration at Winnipeg, when every assistance
possible will be given to locate him.
THE TIME TO EMIGRATE.
Generally speaking, the best time to emigrate, for all classes,
is the early spring. The agricultural labourer will then find his
services in demand in the busy period that always comes during
seed time; and the farmer who intends to take up land for him-
self will arrive at the beginning of the season's operations. The
farmer may, by getting in a crop of oats or potatoes during the
month of May or the first week in June, contribute greatly to
the support of himself and family during the first year. Or
again, if the agricultural labourer arrives in summer, about har-
vest time, he will find great demand and high wages for his serv-
ices during the harvest months, and he will have no difficulty
in getting on well from this point. The farmer, too, who de-
sires to take up land, if he comes in the summer time, may see
the crops growing, and may thus have an opportunity to choose
at leisure the most advantageous location. The summer and
autumn months are the best for moving about the country in
search of land —or, as it is commonly called, "land hunting" —
for a suitable spot on which to settle. Having selected it, he
may proceed to erect his house and make preparations for
the winter; and, if he means to do this, he will find it a great
advantage in the spring to have been early on the spot.
WHAT TO BRING
Many of the household necessaries which the emigrant pos-
sesses he might do well to bring, but still it is advisable to con-
sider well the weight and bulk, and how far it is worth while.
Articles of household furniture, crockery, stoves, or heavy ar-
ticles of hardware should be left behind or sold, except in some
circumstances, for special reasons, which the colonists will consider.
Mechanics and artisans, when they have been encouraged to
come out, may of course bring their tools; but they must bear
in mind that there is no difficulty in buying any ordinary tools
in Canada at reasonable prices.
Settlers from the United States can secure their own cars at
very low rates, or a car can be hired by one or more settlers, in
which case it is better to take along the stock one owns. But
do not buy new stock, as stock of all kinds can be had at reason-
able prices, and they can be purchased on arrival. Machinery
unsuited to farming in Western Canada should not be bought,
but the settler should first of all bring his bedding and clothing.
WOMAN'S HELP NEEDED.
Canada is a man's country, from the fact that all new coun-
tries first attract men, because the labor required for early set-
tlement calls for that of man rather than that of woman. In
Manitoba there are 21,717, and in Saskatchewan and Alberta
57,851 more males than females. There is an increasing demand
for woman's help, and especially for servant girls. The farther
west you travel the greater the scarcity, and with the demand
the compensation is increased.
INTRINSIC LAND VALUE IN WESTERN CANADA.
The intrinsic value of land depends on the quantity and
value of the crops it is capable of producing. One man paid
for his farm, and at the end of five years had over $4,000 in
the bank, besides having money out at interest; another in
fifteen years had cleared $9,200, besides paying for his farm.
As an illustration of what may be done in Western Canada,
an American settler purchased 480 acres for $2,200; he built a
house and a barn on stone foundations, bought some good stock,
and went to work. Three years afterward he was offered
$12,000 cash for his place just as it stood, and declined the
offer, saying, " I came here to make a home for my boys, and
if I had the money in hand to -day, I know of no place in the
world where I could invest it better.!'.
32 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
33
COST OF TOOLS AND LIVE STOCK.
The following estimate (outside figures) has been given of the
amount required to start early and
expeditiously:
1 team of horses ...............................$
250.00
1 set harness ...................................
32.00
1 wagon .......................................
75.00
1 sleigh .......................................
25.00
1 plow ........................................
28.00
1 set harrows ..................................
20.00
1 disc harrow ..................................
25.00
1 seeder .......................................
85.00
1 roller ........................................
10.00
1 mower and rake ..............................
95.00
1 reaper and binder .............................
155.00
Other implements and tools ......................
50.00
Total .................................$
600.60
Agricultural implements are worth the following prices:
14-inch stubble p]ow ..............................$
I6.00
16 .. „ ..............................
18.00
Breaking plows .................................
Brush two
18.00
25.00
plows with points .....................
3-section harrow ................................
13.00
Farm wagons ....... .........................
67.50
Road wagons.:, .................................
60.00
Mowing machine ................................
50.00
Harvester ..............................
$135.00to 145.00
The purchaser should have as
many of these as may be
within his means of purchasing, feeding, and attending.
He might start with:
4 good cows at $40 ..............................
$ 160.00
4 good pigs at$15 ...............................
60.00
4 good sheep at $5 ..............................
20.00
Poultry ........................................
10.00
Total .................................$
250.00
Expert Opinions of Western Canada.
It is in view of the excentional weight attaching to the
opinions of farmers, agrieultc
the fertile farming areal
whose judgment can not L
biased in favor of another col
their own, that the following
ter is presented:
SPYING OUT THE LAND.
ree a itlors o e
A m e r i c a n Agriculturist
recently m a d e a 4,000-
mile tour through Mani-
toba, Saskatchewan, and
Alberta. Their report
of what they saw,
after referring to the
adaptability of Western
Canada for the growing of
small grains, and to the excel-
lence of the stock, says: "Among A Twilight Scene in Western Canada -The Farm and Home, " makes a presentation
the settlers are many from the United States. Home of a Former Illinois Farmer, of the agricultural possibilities of this new land of
Such rapid development as we saw is only possible in a timely interest to American farmers. The character of the
country blessed with a fertile soil and a prosperous people. winters may perhaps be best appreciated when it is under -
When the newer parts of the United States were settled, they stood that cattle, both on the range and on the homestead,
had much to contend with. There were no railroads cone- remain without shelter the year around, and ordinarily without
quently no markets. With the settlers in Canada everything is feed, except as they rustle for themselves."
different. Railroads have preceded them, furnishing at once a
market and means of securing the comforts of modern farm
life."
last year, cleared from their wheat crop more than the land
on which it was grown originally cost them."
CANADA'S MARVELLOUS CLIMATE.
We should not lose sight of the influence of the rains;
the total average rainfall for the season is but 13.35 inches for
the Territories, and 17.34 inches in Manitoba, and the amounts
falling between April 1st and October 1st are respectively 9.39
inches and 12.87 inches or about three -fourths of the entire
rainfall. From the middle of June to the middle of July there
are over two hours more daylight in every twenty-four hours
than in Nebraska. Prof. Thos. Shaw of Minnesota, than whom
there is no better authority, says: "The main reason why Western
Canada wheat grows to such perfection consists in the longer
period of sunshine it gets each day."
"We saw more and larger bands of cattle and sheep grazing
in Saskatchewan and Alberta than we ever saw on the western
plains of the United States. One band of cattle numbering
5,000 head were grazing on the rich grass, and sheep without
number."-H. F. Heath, in Nebraska Farmer.
VAST AREA OF WHEAT LANDS.
"The wheat -growing districts of Western Canada," says the
Orange Judd Farmer, "are unrivaled in the production of grain.
In these districts there is length of season and ample rainfall to
secure the crop under ordinary conditions. During the year
1902, 50.7 per cent of all the wheat officially inspected at
Winnipeg graded No. 1 hard, and 30.6 per cent No. 1 northern,
the total receipts falling
the two highest market
les. During practically
same time only 1 per cent
;he receipts at Minnesota
ats were hard and 22 per
t No. 1 northern, or 23
er cent of the total
receipts represented the
two highest gradings."
PRIME GRAZING COUNTRY.
"Grass is one of the notable things about all the landscape
of Western Canada," says Henry F. Thurston in the Farmers'
Review (Chicago). "There is thus not a mile of this country
that can not be used for some agricultural purpose -either for
tilling or ranching. Stories were told the writer of men who,
PROMISE OF THE NORTHWEST.
The Indiana Farmer (Indianapolis, Ind.), in its issue of July
25, 1903, says: "The developments of recent years have shown
that extending far into Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Al-
berta there is an area of millions of acres adapted to the growing
of the finest wheat in the world, and of this immense area
only a small portion, relatively speaking, has as yet been
turned by the plough. All things considered, we look upon
this region as one of great promise. We do not see how
it can fail to become one of the most prosperous regions in
the world, and that in the near future."
CHARACTER OF THE EDMONTON COUNTRY
"We were strongly reminded," says the editor of the Farmers'
Call (Quincy, Ill.), in speaking of the Edmonton district, "of the
famous Mendon Prairie in Western Illinois.
"The farming country about Edmonton differs from the open
prairie in that it is slightly rolling and is not destitute of
timber giving ample wood for fuel, building, and fencing. The
soil is a rich, black loam, almost altogether free from stones.
Springs, creeks, and small lakes abound. There is. a rich growth
of grass, such as makes Northern Alberta an ideal cattle -raising
district. Oats and barley do exceptionally well, the former
running from forty to forty-five pounds to the bushel. That
wheat can be successfully grown here is proved by the number
of local grist mills running day and night, grinding the wheat
of this district to supply home consumption."
WESTERN CANADA A LAND OF HOMES.
"Western Canada is a vast region of excellent farming
lands," says the Farmers' Call (Quincy, Ill.), July, 1903.
"It is a great empire of material wealth, of progressive institu-
tions, of religious and political liberty, of robust and of poetical
thought, and of people and ideas akin to our own. Canada is
a country of full stomachs, of secure homes, of free schools, of
liberty. True, it is a country of wheat and oats and grass and
cattle, but we thought most of it as a land of homes -homes for
the enterprising and strong -hearted people from 'the States,'
that otherwise might not be able to get homes."
the Neighbors - A Western Canada Scene.
WHEAT LANDS ATTRACT THOUSANDS.
"Agricultural chemists who speak with authority," says a writer
in the Springfield (Mass.) Republican, "declare that even the
black earth of Central Russia, hitherto considered the richest
soil in the world, must yield the palm 'to the rich, deep, black
soils of Manitoba and the Western Provinces." The very
qualities and chemical ingredients needed for the production of
the finest wheat are possessed in their highest state by these
soils. The air is dry and healthful. Fuel is cheap. In Alberta
and Saskatchewan the farmers have but to drive to the
open coal banks along the Saskatchewan River and fill their
wagons.
GRAIN HARVEST IN SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA.
WHEAT I OATS I BARLEY
•
Acreage
Yield
Average
Acreage
Yield
Average
Acreage
Yield
Average
1898...................
307,580
5,542,478
18.01
105,077
3,040,307
28.93
17,092
449512
26.29
1899...................
367,523
6,915,623
19.02
134,938
4,686,030
34.81
14,276
337:421
23.62
1900....................
412,864
4,028,294
0.75
175,439
4,226,152
24.08
17,044
353,216
20.72
1901...................
504,697
12,808,447
25.37
226,568
9716,132
42.88
24,702
795,100
32.18
1902...................
625,758
13,956,850
22.30
310,367
10:661,295
34.35
36,445
870,417
23.88
1903....................
837,234
16,029,149
16.60
440,662
14,179,705
32.20
69,667
1,741,209
24.90
1904...................
1,049,799
20,340,000
19.30
656,229
21,473,500
34.20
112,090
3,035,000
18.10
1i
"The American who crosses from the States into Canada finds
little or nothing to remind him that he has passed from a republic
to a monarchy, or the colony of a monarchy. He is hampered
by no more numerous restrictions; if anything, by less. The
things by which men are rated are the same -honesty, ability,
and the willingness to work hard."
HIGH PRICES FOR FARM PRODUCE.
"The farmer in the Canadian Northwest," writes the editor of
the Farmers' Call (Quincy. Ill.), "gets a higher price for his
wheat -perhaps two cents per bushel more on the average -
than the farmer in the northwest of the United States in the
same longitude. Considerable numbers of cattle of the Canadian
Northwest are good enough for the export trade -are as good
as the cattle of Illinois or Iowa."
MORE EVEN SOIL THAN IN IOWA.
The wheat belts, although colder than the ranching country.
are ideal districts for wheat growing. The cool nights during
the ripening period favours the production of firm grains, thus
making the wheat grade high in the market. Wherever wheat
is grown, oats and barley grow, producing large yields. The
pastures are good. Aside from the wild grasses, brome grass,
34 TWENT-IETH CENTURY CANADA TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA 35
and western rye grass furnish good hay crops and are grown not
only where mixed farming is in vogue, but in the wheat dis-
tricts as well. The soil, like our own in Iowa, varies in
different sections of the country; still it is more uniform. We
met a number of Iowa farmers during our trip, who are among
the new settlers. They ,were contented and prosperous. -
Farmers' Tribune, Des Moines, Iowa.
CANADA FED BY "THE STATES."
Various are the reasons which impel Americans to take up
their homes in the Canadian Northwest. Undoubtedly the
country is extremely rich agriculturally. The finest kind of
wheat can be grown and in large quantities. All kinds of live
stock can be raised, and the profits of dairying are excellent.
Manitoba has many examples of farmers who have risen to
comparative affluence in a few years. Here is the case of an
Austrian who arrived in Saskatchewan, in 1890. His assets were
an industrious disposition, a wife, six children, and $600 in cash.
To -day he owns 640 acres of land worth $6,000, not to mention
fifteen horses, twenty-seven cattle, twenty-five pigs, eighty
sheep, and a complete set of farming implements.
From Alberta comes the story of a man whose capital six years
ago was $300. In 1902 he sowed fifty acres in wheat, which
yielded him 1,500 bushels; 100 acres of oats, which produced
4,000 bushels, and four and a half acres of potatoes, which gave
him 1,020 bushels. For these he received $2,700, of which
$2,200 was profit. -Chicago Chronicle.
AN UNPREJUDICED OPINION.
The recent rush of Americans to Canada is quite natural.
They have discovered that you have a good thing of it over here,
plenty of fine, fertile land at cheap prices, and free grants to
settlers, and they wanted to be in on the ground floor, like every-
body else, and here they are. We have had some Canadian
settlers in the past, and now you are getting even and getting
back. -Frank C. Sargent, United States Commissioner of Immi-
gration, Washington, D. C.
WAGON -TRAIN IMMIGRATION.
The exodus to Canada from the Western States continues
On every train there are delegations leaving for the Promised.
Land. Not all of those, however, who are journeying to the new
agricultural Eldorado, are going by train. The overland route
is as popular as ever. Barring accidents, the wagon trip from
Great Falls to Calgary can be made in ten days, and with a light
covered wagon, drawn by a good team of horses, a tent, a bed,
and a camp cooking outfit, the hardened plainsman of Montana
wants no better way of making the journey to Canada.
Those who have taken the overland route report that the
season of 1904 has been particularly favourable for that mode
of travel, the frequent rains having made grass everywhere,
so that it was no trouble to find good camping places. It
is with the view of getting good feed for his horses, that the
overland traveller selects his camping place at night. Of course,
there is the question of water and wood for the camp -fire'
to be taken into consideration, but first of all the traveller
thinks of his horses, for he depends upon them to carry
him along. -Great Falls (Montana) Daily Leader.
EMIGRATION FROM THE UNITED STATES.
A special staff correspondent of the Chicago Tribune, writ-
ing from Rosthern, Saskatchewan, says: ' "The, American
invasion of Canada is no mere figure of - speech: The tide of im=
migration now sweeping into Northwest Canada is a movement
of population comparable only to the great waves which for
four generations swept the States from the Atlantic to the
Rockies. The United States becomes for the first time a country
of emigrants as well as immigrants, and is giving her northern
neighbours experienced farmers, intelligent, trained in western
agriculture, good citizens, the thrifty, progressive sons of the
men who turned the raw prairies into an agricultural empire, and
who now seek new homes with a patrimony of money and
experience which their fathers lacked "
PHENOMENAL DEVELOPMENT OF CANADA.
A new nation is being born under our very face and eyes.
Things are shaping faster in Canada than most of us here in the
United States realize; indeed, faster than Canada herself realizes.
The Northwest of Canada is rapidly filling up with a new life
from Eastern Canada and from our own Northwest. Farmers in
Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Minnesota, and the Dakotas are selling
their valuable farms and are moving, with their families and
farming implements and live stock, up into this great harvest
field, and are receiving a most generous welcome. -Saturday
Evening Post, Philadelphia, Pa.
MANITOBA IN THE WORLD'S WHEAT MARKET.
On the occasion of Sir Wilfrid Laurier's visit to the Corn
Exchange, London, England, Colonel Montgomery, V. D., made
several important statements.
"When it is borne in mind," he said, "that 80 per cent of the
breadstuffs of this great country has to be brought from abroad,
you will readily appreciate with what great satisfaction we
view the large and steadily increasing supplies of grain which
are annually available for export from Canada, and I challenge
contradiction when I say that of the wheats we import from
Russia, India, the Pacific, and the length and breadth of the
United States, none gives more general satisfaction, none is
more generally appreciated, than that raised in the Province
of Manitoba.
- "We look forward with confidence to the time at which, with
the present rate of progress, the Dominion of Canada will have
a sufficient surplus of wheat to render this country indepe__dent
of other sources of supply."
"CANADA IS FORGING AHEAD."
Canada is forging ahead more rapidly than any other nation.
The Dominion has outstripped the rest of the world in
the rate of export trade increase during the last ten years.
The estimated value of the cereal production of the Canadian
Northwest for 1903 is about $55,000,000, taking no account
of other items, such as general agriculture, dairying, and ranch-
ing. But the sum is a ]handsome one, and its importance is
emphasized by the additional fact that it will be distributed
within an area the total population of which is less than 500,000.
Yet this figure is not quite fairly representative of the cereal
crop of the district. Wheat is a cash crop, and will bring in this
year nearly $45,000,000. But there remain some. 40,000,000
bushels of oats, and 11,000,000 bushels of barley. These, at
present market prices, represent a value of about $12,000,000.
But only 10 per cent of this is sold. The rest is used at home by
the farmers as feed for their stock. By that process it is con-
verted into a value which can not well be estimated, but which
is far beyond its market value as a cereal. -New York Sun,
December, 1902.
ACTIVITY IN WESTERN CANADA.
A correspondent of a Toronto (Ont.) paper says: "Where
formerly existed struggling settlements, isolated from the
world by an ocean of untilled prairie, are now prosperous com-
munities, with banks, real estate offices, lawyers, insurance
brokers, and all those other commercial luxuries. Where
formerly only one small elevator did duty for a shipping
point, there are now often five, six, or even more. It is
farmers, strong, raw -boned farmers from Kansas, keen -eyed
farmers from Iowa, quiet but observant farmers from Ontario,
earnest though inexperienced farmers from the motherland -it
is these men in their thousands whose daily toil and aggres-
sive energy are moving the centre of Canada westward.
" The American propaganda has been on about the following
lines: John Jones of Minnesota owns 100 acres of land from
which he can raise a fair average crop of say sixteen to twenty
bushels of wheat of mixed grades. His land is readily salable at
$40 an acre. It is pointed out to him that with the proceeds of
such a sale he can buy in this country 400 acres of better land,
equally close to railway, school, and church, and capable of
yielding twenty to thirty bushels of better wheat to the acre.
John Jones comes up to see, and seeing, buys. It is claimed
that with favourable conditions and careful farming a man may
make the cost of his new land out of one season's crop, setting
an acre of crop against the acre of land upon which it is grown."
EXPERIENCE OF A SETTLER.
FOAM LAKE, SASKATCHEWAN.
The spring creek at my place has been running all winter,
so that the cattle have water any time they care to drink. The
land around here is partly covered with scattered bluffs of
poplar and willow -just enough for fuel and protection for the
cattle and horses, the latter living on the prairie all the year
round. Water has been found at most places at a reasonable
depth and of good quality. My well is fourteen feet deep, and
I have plenty of good water.
+ As to the climate, the summers are cool at night, making it an
ideal place for a good night's rest. The winters are not nearly so
severe here as in South Dakota, as we have bluffs or groves for
protection. During ten years' residence I have not had my
grain or potatoes damaged by frost. As for grain growing and
ranching, I do not think.this .country has an equal in America.
My oats, last year, averaged one hundred bushels to the acre,
and wheat to the acre averaged fifty bushels.
Yours truly, FRANK BRAY.
Temperature in Western Canada.
Table showing the average winter, summer. and annual temperatures at
various points in the Canadian Northwest, taken from the official reports of the
last ten years.
MEAN TEMPERATURE
STATIONS
Summer Winter Year
In the Northwest- deg. deg. deg.
Battleford .............................. 62 3 1 3 32.9
Banff ................................... 54.6 17.0 34.6
Chaplin ................................. 66.0 3.3 35.7
Calgary ................................. 58.8 13.9 87.4
Edmonton .............................. 59.8 8.8 85.0
Indian Head ............................ 62.9 2.2 88.0
Moose Jaw .............................. 61.6 5.3 33.9
Medicine Hat ............................ 63.7 12.5 39.9
Pincher Creek........ ............... 58.8 22.5 34.9
Parkland ............................... 59.6 4.5 30.5
Prince Albert ............................ 69.5 2.1 30.7
Qu'APpelle .............................. 61.6 1.6 83.4
Regina ................................. 62.7 0.9 8.4.5
Swift Current ............. ....... ...... 63.5 9.8 87.6
Brandon ..... .......................... 63.1 0.4 33.1
Emerson .... ............ ...... 64.2 2 9 35.3
Winnipeg...... 66.0 0.9 33.3
Statement of the daily mean temperature in the months of November and
December,1903, and January, 1904, at Edmonton,Winnipeg, Calgary, and St. Paul.
DATE
RDMONTON
WINNIPEG
CALOARY
ST. PAUL,
MINNESOTA
O
N
G
O
ii'i
q
O
a�i
q
O
a"i
q
Z
A
y
Z
A
4
Z
A
4
F
A
5
1 ...................
57°
38°
9°
50°
V
-17°
47°
416
V
510
17°
2a
2...................
54
35
4
54
25
-20
48
37
5
55
19
-9
3 ...................
36
27
19
50
21
-17
34
27
14
54
27
-9
4 ...................
35
23
21
39
1
-3
31
28
16
51
19
3
5.
43
19
21
26
4
13
38
40
16
36
11
14
6 ...................
44
27
38
85
7
10
43
37
31
84
22
17
7 ...................
86
29
35
48
2
30
38
28
39
43
20
33
8 ...................
27
37
34
37
•1
21
26
41
37
53
14
28
9 ...................
31
38
29
31
9
12
29
39
34
48
14
21
10 ...................
28
32
13
29
5
21
28
33
25
37
8
21
11 ...................
20
11
18
27
-1
16
17
18
20
88
5
21
12 ...................
14
-6
It
20
-16
-4
13
-11
18
36
6
2�
13 ...................
10
-6
25
20
-17
-6
5
-7
32
29
-12
6
14 ...................
0
7
7
15
-4
3
2
0
31
24
-2
11
15 ...................
-1
17
-10
12
-8
10
-5
22
15
31
1
23
16 ...................
8
17
-8
0
-9
-3
-6
28
7
28
8
7
17 ...................
-2
26
-15
4
5
-9
-8
23
-5
12
11
10
18 ...................
-2
23
-13
6
18
11
-8
16
-8
11
26
18
19 ...................
1
18
-16
1
16
8
-2
16
-13
15
29
19
20 ...................
5
18
-7
11
4
-16
12
25
-1
24
26
10
21 ...................
9
23
8
23
1
-9
3
24
17
36
28
16
22 .....:.............'11
29
5
16
9
-6
28
30
20
26
11
16
23 ...................
21
28
-12
4
16
-25
18
25
10
24
24
-10
24 ...................
19
34
-6
-14
-1
-83
18
32
3
12
20
-23
25 ...................
28
43
-4
-16
-22
-26
26
42
0
14
0
-23
26.............:.....
32
43
17
2
-1
-26
30
37
25
9
-2
-1:3
27 ...................
36
82
19
21
-3
-17
34
31
22
23
15
-12
23...................
30
29
30
22
3
-12
25
21
26
31
11
-5
29...................
30
32
36
13
-7
2
110
38
35
3
2
1
30 ...................
30
32
34
-6
7
5
38
32
31
19
8
11
31 ......................
19
18
...
-1
-8
...
22
33
...
19
9
OPTIMISTIC ABOUT CANADA.
Mr. Beecher -Smith, Y. M. C. A. representative, unhesitatingly
speaks with the greatest confidence of the future of Canada:
"I believe Canada will have a great future, especially when it
is more advantageously served by the railways. At present the
country is on the eve of important railway developments.
"As an illustration of the favourable opportunity many dis-
tricts offer to settlers, here is an actual case. A certain field near
Moosomin averaged twenty bushels to the acre and the grain
sold at 72 cents on the market here. Right alongside of this
farm is lying wild land which can be purchased at $7 or $8 per
acre. This average is a very moderate one, and yet it will be
seen that in two years, at the most, the purchaser would be able:
to pay for his land, pay all expenses of working it, and have
something to his credit."
"WE WANT THAT WHEAT."
Since it became generally known that the Canadian Northwest
wheat crop this year (1904) was a decided success, in the face
of all prophecies to the contrary earlier in the season, the mill-
ers of Minnesota had a conference, and at it one of their num-
ber delivered himself as follows:
"I tell you, sir, we want that wheat. Up there there is the
finest wheat area in the world. There's no question about that.
It isn't the claim merely of a railway boomer any more. It's
true. As a wheat -growing country, Canada's got us beat to a
standstill. It's three times the area of the Louisiana Purchase,
and every acre of it is the finest wheat land in the world.
We want that wheat. If we had the. 60,000,000 bushels
of wheat that Canada has raised this year, at the price it's
selling up there, think how our mills would hum. I tell you,
if our mills are to live, we must have that wheat. That
line -he pointed to the Canadian boundary line on'a map
than line is a wall 500 miles long and five feet high, and is
made of silver quarters, each'quarter the American tariff on
!a bushel of - Canadian wheat. ' That wall is a greater misfor-
tune to us than Joseph Chamberlain's import tax on flour ever
threatened to be: That wall stands between Minneapolis and
the greatest boom any city in America has ever known. It
stands between Minneapolis and a million population; it stands
between us and such a prosperity as we never dreamed of.".
36 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA 37
Western Canada Grazing Lands are the Best in the World.
There can be nothing stronger than this to convince the United
States farmer, no matter in what State he lives, that he can better
his condition immeasurably by taking up land in the Canadian
Northwest. There are there 200,000,000
acres —a large part of it free home-
steads, a large part more pre-
emptions at $1 per acre,;
and the very choicest of
d
it in the very best loca-
tions at less than $10
an acre which grows the
wheat the American
miller says he must
have. These millers
truthfully say: "There
is the finest wheat area i
in the world." Even in
this unfavourable year,
the crop runs twenty
bushels to the acre, and
most of it No. 1 hard. The Canadian
prairies are the best farming land in the
known world to -day, and all who know the conditions there fully
acknowledge it, the American millers included.
STOCK IS ROLLING FAT.
RED DEER, Alberta, January 2, 1905.
MR. T. W. STOUT, Great Falls, Mont.
Dear Sir: Since the time of our arrival here from Greber,
Mont., I have been out in the country and selected a good 320
acres of free homestead land and obtained our papers for the
same, also rented an improved farm and residence for the season
of 1905, just three miles from our farms.
I am located 17J miles from a beautiful lake ten miles long,
where there is church, school, three stores, creamery, and two
post offices.
And now, Mr. Stout, let me come to the vital and important
point, i. e., that I have driven over twenty-five miles of this
country this week, and just returned home to Red Deer night
before last, and I know whereof I speak. I can locate you a
good homestead near my own, as I am doing the same for one
family at Greber, one at Swift, one at Sand Coulee, Mont.; and
I have thirty-five different quarter sections to pick from, or 6,000
acres, with hay, water, and wood land mixed, and plenty of good
open plow land for farming, ready for the plow.
The general lay of the land is gently rolling; the
soil. is black loam and very rich, as the stubble
fields attest. There are hundreds of fine farms
under cultivation between Red Deer and the place
I speak of —which is twenty-four miles southeast of
Red Deer —all of which contain fine, large, Frame
and brick houses as large as the residences in
Great Falls, and I mean the best residences at that;
also fine, large, hip -roof barns, windmills, etc.
The fine stock, both cattle (cows and steers),
horses, hogs, and sheep are rolling fat, grazing in
pasture to -day; just a little snow, hardly enough
for good sleighing, as we just had a Chinook which
has melted the roads and laid bare the fields and
pasture. There are fine wheat, oats, barley, and
flax raised here, also winter wheat and timothy
hay for export to British Columbia. This is a
mixed farming and dairy country. Butter sells for
25 cents; eggs, 35 cents; native hay, $5 per ton;
timothy, baled, $10 per ton: wheat, 90 cents per
bushel; oats, 30 cents; barley, 40 cents; potatoes,
40 cents; beef, 5 cents; pork, 6 cents dressed.
There is not a shack in this district, not one. The towns are
modern —sewerage, water mains for fire protection, and electric
lighted; fine houses and business blocks; every modern conven-
ience, as for banking, etc.;
fine public schools, court
houses, etc. There is no
land or personal tax in
* this land, just a small
school and public im-
provement tax of
from $2 to $12 per
quarter section per
)war, so you see we
will not be taxed to
death here. There is
a ready market for
everything you have to
sell, and credit extended
when needed. I can not
conceive of a better condi-
tion anywhere else than here.
t We have good graded roads, and fine
brick country schools, nine months
"A lovely ;; '4 each year teaching. The Government
spot" in pays 70 per cent of all teachers' salaries,
Alberta.
the residents pay 30 per cent, i. e., the balance.
This is the right time to get a foothold in the Canadian West,
as it was some years ago in the United States. We are free
House and Barns in Manitoba.
from wind, gumbo, and alkali here, and have fine, clear, cold,
soft, well and spring water at a depth of from five to twenty-five
feet, and lots of open, ever -flowing springs. This spring will see
all near -by free land taken up, and a large part of the remaining
railway lands in the hands of actual settlers. So all I can say
further, if you wish a good 160 acres, do as requested and you
shall have it inside of two weeks.
Hoping to receive your reply by return mail, I am
Yours truly,
GEO. Wm. GNISWOLD,
Formerly Sec. Foreman at Grebe?, Mont.
DOES FARMING PAY IN MANITOBA ?
Dauphin District Resident Sold 48o Acres for $2s,500 — Profits
Were $15,000.
A land transaction recently occurred at Dauphin which illus-
trated the rapid advance in the value of farm lands in Western
Canada. For three-quarters of a section of land, 480 acres, the
sum of $25,500, exactly $50 an acre, was received. The land is
under cultivation, and last year the owner's wheat crop yielded
11,000 bushels, the average yield per acre being thirty-two
bushels. The grade was No. 2 northern, and a portion of the
grain was sold for 90 cents a bushel. In 1895 a half section of
this land was bought for $3 an acre, and the other quarter was a
free Government grant. The farmer who lately disposed of the
land paid $4,300 for the homesteaded quarter. When he
bought, 100 acres were ready for cultivation and the other sixty
were brushed. From three crops he made the purchase price,
paid all expenses of running the farm, and had $500 to the good.
On the sale of the land he made a clear profit of $15,500, it having
cost him $10,000. The purchasers are from Lakewood, Iowa,
and flatter themselves that they have made a good bargain.
THE UNITED STATES BUYING CANADIAN WHEAT.
The Prophecy Becoming True Before Its Time.
During the past fall several hundred thousand bushels of
wheat from Western Canada were taken to the United States,
either to be ground by the mills in bond, or purchased outright,
paying 25 per cent duty. Northern States farmers ask for the
privilege of importing it as seed. It has been learned that
Canadian wheat is a much superior article, and the fact is becom-
ing apparent to Americans that it will only be a short time before
the United States will cease to be a wheat -exporting country.
The thinking farmer in the United States now realizes that he
must become one of those who will produce this wheat. Canada
has the land and the climate to produce thirty or forty fold the
60,000,000 crop of 1904.
Some farmers in Western Canada made as much as $25 an acre
out of their crop of wheat in 1904. Why then should not the
value of these lands rise until the disparity between these prices
and those in the United States disappears?
Northern Ontario.
(" New Ontario.")
Overlooked up to a few years ago, "New Ontario" —that
portion of the Province of Ontario lying west of the Upper
Ottawa River and its tributary lakes, north of Lakes Huron and
Superior and extending to the eastern boundary of the Prov-
ince of Manitoba on the west and James Bay and the Albany
River on the north —has proved one of the richest portions of
the Dominion. There have been discovered large areas of land
requiring only to be cleared of timber (at once valuable as it is
cut) to be equal to the wheat lands of Southern Ontario. In
the eastern part of the territory north of the "height of land,"
soon to be served by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, there
is an immense area of excellent agricultural land, with an
equable and temperate climate and an abundance of wood
and water, which render the inducements it presents to those
in search of homesteads as good as those offered anywhere
else on the continent.
AGRICULTURAL LAND IN NEW ONTARIO.
The great clay belt running from the Quebec boundary west
through Nipissing and Algoma districts and into the district of
Thunder Bay, comprises an area of at least 24,500 square miles, or
15,680,000 acres, nearly all of which is well adapted for cultivation.
The valley of the Rainy River, with the country surrounding
the Lake of the Woods, contains some areas of farming land
which are unsurpassed in fertility of soil and general advantages.
The Canadian Northern Railway crosses the Rainy River on its
way to Manitoba and forms another outlet for produce to the
markets east and west.
Those desirous of more detailed information on the subject
of "New Ontario," or of any particular section of it, should
write to the Crown Land Colonization Department, Toronto,
Ontario, where all information concerning the subject can be
obtained.
There are a number of surveyed townships open to settlement
near the Sault Ste. Marie; and there are several settlements
where persons with a little money can obtain an already cleared
section or even a well -cultivated farm. Algoma is served by
the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway and by the branch
which runs from Sudbury to St. Paul, Minn., and through
Dakota into the Canadian Northwest, as also by the lake steamers.
Lake St. John District.
Province of Quebec.
The Lake St. John Repatriation and Colonization Society has
been successful in drawing a large amount of attention to a
hitherto much neglected part of the Province of Quebec. The
district embraces some 19,000;000 acres of land, for the most
part valuable to the farmer in one branch or another of his
business.
RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT.
Lake St. John, from which the district takes its name, is one
of the most beautiful of the lesser lakes of Canada and receives
the drainage of a great valley, rich in agricultural resources; also
forming the center of a network of water communication that
affords great natural advantages to the commerce of that region.
The fertility of the district is established beyond dispute.
Experience has proved that the climate of Lake St. John is as
mild as that of Montreal, and that the fall of snow is less than
at Quebec. Wheat and other grains ripen there and produce
abundantly. The district is a splendid one for the raising of
cattle. The forage is so rich that the Lake St. John sheep
is already renowned for the excellent quality of its meat.
The Lake St. John Railway and the extension at Chicoutimi
have connected the district with the great commercial centers.
The settler has therefore easy access to his land and can look to
the future with every confidence, as the railway and river
steamers bring him into touch with the great markets and
enable him to dispose of the products of his fields and woods
to the best possible advantage.
Letters of inquiry should be directed to M. R6ne Dupont,
Quebec, P. Q.
38
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
IV
TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
39
Forests of Canada.
Some people in Europe think that forests still surround all
the cities and farms of Canada, but this, of course, is not the
case. All the settled portions are cleared of their timber almost
as completely as in Europe. A great deal of wood has been
used for building homes, for railways, for fuel, and for all kinds
of manufactures, while millions of feet have been exported.
FOREST RESERVES.
Great reserves of .mbroken forest in various portions of the
Dominion have been set apart as national parks. Such are the
Rocky Mountains Park on the Canadian Pacific Railway, 96
miles long and 46 miles wide; the Yoho Park on the Pacific slope
of the Rockies, 40 miles long and 15 miles wide; the Algonquin
National Park, of 1,200,000 acres, in Central Ontario; Queen Vic-
toria Park, of 154 acres, at Niagara Falls; and a large timber
reserve in the Timiskaming district. In Northern Quebec a
tract of 1,620,000 acres, in which a dozen or more rivers origi-
nate, also has been set aside. These reserves are, of course, very
small in comparison with the forest area still left.
FORESTS OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES.
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia have each over four thousand
square miles of forest. Along the coast the spruce and fir are
chief trees, but in the higher uplands of the interior, hardwood
trees, such as maple, beech, ash, and birch, are most numerous.
There is also some spruce and pine. When the hard woods
are cut down, spruce, balsam, birch, and tamarack grow up in
their place. These forests enrich the soil, and when cleared,
the land is suitable for stock raising and fruit growing.
Outside the Maritime Provinces there are three great forest
belts in the Dominion: (1) the British Columbia belt; (2) the
Southern timber belt; and (3) the Northern spruce belt.
FORESTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
The British Columbia forest belt extends 770 miles northward,
and is from 200 to 300 miles wide. Owing to the mild climate
a great number of different species thrive here, some of them
attaining an enormous size. Here are found not only the valu-
able red fir or Oregon pine, but also the red and yellow cedar,
the western spruce, white and yellow pine, the maple, and western
oak. In the northern portion black and white spruce become
more plentiful and constitute an extensive pulp wood range.
British Columbia has the most valuable timber belt on the North
American continent.
NORTHERN SPRUCE BELT.
The Northern belt is perhaps larger than all the other timber
belts and reserves of Canada combined. It covers practically
the whole of the Laurentian Highland, that is, from Labrador
to the Mackenzie River, a distance of some 3,000 miles, with an
average width of over 200 miles. This is the greatest spruce
forest in the world, and it also contains some larch and poplar.
Only part of it has been explored, but it is probable that in the
southern portion are great quantities of merchantable timber.
The spruce logs are ground into pulp, from which paper is
made. The spruce area of Canada is so great that it is hardly
an exaggeration to say that the Dominion possesses an inex-
haustible supply of pulp wood.
SOUTHERN TIMBER BELT.
This great timber balt comprises the portion of Ontario and
Quebec between the 45th and the 50th parallels of latitude, and
then rgns northwesterly to the Peace River country in Atha-
baska. The king of this belt is the white pine. It has been
calculated that about one-third of the trees in this belt are 100
years old, and another third over 10 years old. The hard maple
is abundant in the southern half of Ontario and Quebec.
TOTAL FOREST PRODUCE EXPORTED.
The total produce of Canadian forests exported in a series of
years is as follows:
1873. 1883. 1893. 1903.
$29,298,917 325,811,157 $26,359,910 $36,386,015
Of the exports of 1903, $28,850,000 were lumber, $1,558,560
pulp wood, and $2,351,664 square lumber. Besides these there
were exported $4,474,000 of manufactures of wood, the chief
of which was wood pulp, $3,150,943.
TRANSPORTATION IN THE FOREST.
All the railways of Canada traverse, in part, one or other of
these forest belts. Lumbering and settlement go hand in hand.
The farmer who settles in a wooded country works his land
in summer and is a lumberman in winter. The snows of winter
make splendid roads over which the lumberman can draw his
logs to some near -by stream. In the spring the logs are floated
down for long distances to the sawmill. The Grand Trunk
Pacific Railway, to pass through Canada from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, will open up great areas of untouched forest north of the
Canadian Pacific Railway.
Mining in Canada.
In earlier years Canadians devoted most of their attention to
agriculture, lumbering, and fishing, to the neglect of mining,
although the country contained many very valuable mineral
deposits. During the last few years coal, gold, nickel, copper,
silver, lead, iron, asbestos, and petroleum have been largely
developed.
British Columbia and Nova Scotia are the chief mining prov-
inces, but in Ontario and Quebec also are important mineral
deposits. Extensive coal areas have been found likewise in
Western Canada, and new railways are continually opening up
additional territory.
In 1901 Canada's mineral production was valued at $66,712;
708 (£13,300,000), and her mineral exports at $42,310,800
(£8,462,160), over nine -tenths of which was exported to the
United States.
COAL AND IRON.
The Vancouver Island (British Columbia) mines produce a
coal of excellent quality, which supplies the demand in the
Province and is also shipped to the principal ports of the Pacific
Coast of the United States. The coal deposits of Nova Scotia
underlie an area of about 635 square miles. The chief workings
are in the Sydney, Pictou, and Cumberland fields. The Nova
Scotia mines are the largest producers in Canada.
At Lethbridge a mine has been opened on a large seam of
bituminous coal, the outcrop of which has been traced for many
miles. Coals and lignites are found as far east as the western
portion of Manitoba and underlie an area of not less than 60,000
square miles. A semi -anthracite is mined near Canmore, in the
Rocky Mountains. The largest workings in Saskatchewan are at
Estevan, 325 miles from Winnipeg. The last-named mines —in
the Souris field —and the Lethbridge mines supply Saskatchewan
and portions of Alberta. The coal beds extend far down the
e
I
Saskatchewan and northward into the valley of the Peace River.
It is no uncommon thing in this district to see the agricultural
settler driving up to the pit's mouth for his household supply
of coal, easily obtained at prices ranging from $1 to $2 a ton.
In Nova Scotia, iron is found near the coal, thus permitting
economical smelting. Iron ore is also brought by ship from
Newfoundland. Large areas of iron ore have been found north
of Lake Superior in Ontario, in Eastern Ontario, in Quebec, and in
Ungava. The range north of Lake Superior is the northern
extension of the great Mesabi Range in Minnesota. Large steel
works have been established at Sydney and Ferrona (Nova Scotia),
and at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. There are iron smelters at
Rawdon (Quebec) and at Deseronto, Hamilton, and Midland
(Ontario).
NICKEL AND COPPER.
In these days of giant constructions such as the Forth and
Quebec bridges and the Eiffel Tower, engineers are demanding
increased strength without material increase of weight. As the
addition of a small proportion of nickel to steel largely increases
the tensile strength of the latter, nickel ores are of great and
growing importance, particularly as there are only two producing
localities of consequence in the world —the Sudbury district in
Ontario and the French colony of New Caledonia. The Ontario
mines contain enough ore to supply the needs of the world for
all time.
Most of the copper output of Ontario is produced as a by-
product of nickel, and that of Quebec, as a by-product of pyrites
mined for the production of sulphuric acid. In '1902 British
Columbia produced about 30,000,000 pounds of copper, most of
which was mined in the West Kootenay district. There are also
very large deposits in the Howe Sound, Texada Island, Mount
Sicker, and other districts.
GOLD AND OTHER MINERALS.
There are gold mines in Nova Scotia, Ontario, British Columbia,
and Yukon, and the precious metal has been found in nearly all
the other Provinces and Territories. The gravels of the Chau-
dir re River in Quebec and of the Saskatchewan in the West have
yielded gold. The Yukon placers are producing more gold than
any other placer mines in the world, and since the wonderful
Klondike "rush" in 1897, when fifty or sixty thousand people
sought this far northern country, $90,000,000 in gold has been
taken out. The minerals already mentioned are only the most
important ones, but many minor minerals of value are produced,
as, for instance, graphite, soap -stone, gypsum, corundum,
apatite; building materials, such as limestone, sandstone, and
granite, besides clays for brick, tiles, and cement. There are salt,
petroleum, and gas wells in Ontario, and peat deposits have been
worked in Ontario and in Quebec. The mineral resources of
Canada, though extensive, are largely undeveloped. During the
last few years, however, the production has steadily increased
till the amount per head of population is almost equal to that of
the United States.
ASBESTOS AND MICA.
Asbestos is valuable for steam -packing, and for the manu-
facture of fire -proof goods. Practically all the first quality
asbestos that is marketed in the world is produced at the Thet-
ford, Black Lake, and Danville mines in Southeastern Quebec.
Large quantities of mica are mined in Quebec and in Ontario.
It is used as an electrical insulator and in stoves.
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE CANADIAN NORTHWEST FOR
INTENDING IMMIGRANTS.
The country embraces 200,000,000 acres highly fertile prairie
country.
Up to 1904 but 5,035,524 acres, or a trifle over 2i} per cent, was
under cultivation.
Manitoba is as large as England and Scotland, and the North-
west is larger than any sixteen Western American States.
There are free homesteads yet in the country for many millions
of people —all owners, no landlords or tenants.
This country supplied one -fifth of Great Britain's wheat
importation in 1903.
The first bushel of wheat was shipped in 1877; and in 1903 the
export was 56,228,437 bushels, and a total of 113,892,377 bushels
of oats, wheat, and barley.
The farmers of Manitoba cleared over $1,000 each on the
operations of 1903 in grain growing alone.
It costs the farmers 36 cents a bushel to grow wheat; the
average crop for fourteen years was twenty bushels per acre.
The average price in the fourteen years was 65 cents, leaving $6
per acre clear profit. The average yield in seven Western Ameri-
can States for four years was 12 3-5 bushels.
Wheat grown here has 10 per cent more albumiuoids than any
European growth.
In five years the wheat crop has grown from 31,356,223 to
nearly 60,000,000 bushels.
Young men wanting to farm can get employment the year
around, and in a year or two have means enough to take up
farms for themselves.
If unencumbered, an industrious man can begin farming on a
small capital and grow wealthy in a few years.
In 1903, 31,383 homestead entries were made by 11,841 Ameri-
cans from forty-three different States.
In the past three years 10,000,000 acres were taken up in
homesteads.
Over 123,000 Americans settled here in the last five years
(about 50,000 in 1903). Their cash in hand and settlers' effects
reached $23,000,000.
Good fishing in all rivers, and an abundance of large and small
game in most parts.
In 1903 railway and land companies sold 4,000,000 acres of
land for $14,000,000.
Railway and land companies are selling the best land at from
85 an acre up on very easy terms of payment.
40 TWENTIETH CENTURY CANADA
Plenty of rain every summer to ensure well -matured crops.
Potatdes generally yield 200 bushels to the acre; oats, 35;
barley, 30.
Commercial men and mechanics are only in demand as the
country increases in population.
There will be plenty of wood for many years, though but few
farms are more than 250 miles from a coal mine. There are
65,000 acres of coal beds.
In 1901 Manitoba sold 37,797 head of horned cattle; in 1903
the figures reached 104,650.
The country is now an ideal one for the farmer. Capital here
as everywhere can always be used to advantage; but scores of
the present wealthy farmers landed in the country with but
t
two willing hands. Others can do the same, but the desired end
can be secured much easier with a little capital.
Farms taken up as homesteads under cultivation grow in value
at the rate of $1 or more per acre every year.
In 1886 there were but seventy-six schools in the country
getting $117 each from the Government for support. Now
there are 640, getting $260 each in Government support.
In 1901 Saskatchewan and Alberta sold $880,000 worth of
horned cattle; in 1903 the figures reached $3,460,000.
The man with a family of sons, after settling himself, can
readily settle the sons one at a time on farms around him.
There are buyers at nearly every railway station for every-
thing the farmer raises, paying cash. He can, if necessary, buy
his implements and teams on time, and get cash for everything
he has to sell.
The western part has the best ranching country in the world,
r r
cattle thriving outdoors all winter. La Large tracts be leased c
from the Government for the purpose.
Heaviest Harvest in N. W. T. History.
July, 1905, Crop Bulletin of the Saskatchewan and Alberta -Wheat Average from 22 to 25 Bushels -No Appearance
of Rust -Fall Wheat Area Will Be Large.
The July crop bulletin of the Territorial Government, just
issued, shows that there has been no unfavorable conditions affect-
ing the crops, and that the farmers will be called upon to harvest
the heaviest crop in the history of the Northwest. There has
been a total absence of rust or other diseases, and the weather
throughout has been ideal. The prospective time of the harvest
will be about the same as in other years. The oat crop is reported
to promise a large yield, as well as the wheat. In Alberta a
large area of land is being prepared for fall wheat, the cultivation
of which is rapidly becoming general in that part of the country.
The average yield of spring wheat per acre is estimated at about
twenty-one bushels, and of fall wheat a little over twenty-two
bushels. Subjoined shows the acreage of the principal cereal
crops and the estimated total yields in the various districts into
which the Territories were divided for the purpose of compiling
the bulletin:
SPRING WHEAT
FALL WHEAT
OATS
BARLEY
FLAX
DISTRICT
NO.
Area,
Expectation,
Area,
Expectation,
Area,
Expectation,
bushels
Area,
Expectation,
bushels
Area,
acres
Expect.,
bushels
acres
bushels
acres
bushels
acres
acres
1..........
254,732
4,710,000
........................
63,362
37,998
2,248,500
1,472,500
4,500
2,200
115,000
53,000
3,500
5,000
35,500
57;000
2..........
3..........
58,270
143,145
1,398,000
2,722,500
........................
.........
44,930
1,399,000
4,000
97,500
100
1200
4..........
5..........
230,754
219,856
4,985,500
4,707,500
........................
......I....
54,655
57,530
1,890,000
2,129,500
2,000
1,300
48,000
29,500
300
2,700
2,400
30,500
6..........
7..........
1,159
56,251
25,000
1,191,500
........................
........................
2,500
62,589
94,000
2,238,500
78
3,795
3,000
111,000
500
.
7,500
8... ...............................................................
9..........
91,988
1,556,500
........................
54,785
,............
1,712,500
...............
7,100
175,500
1,000
10,500
10..........
2,240
44,500
........................
4,933
157,500
300
7,000
....................
11..........
12..........
600 -
32,378
8,500
65,500
........................
...............
2,500
118,963
63,000
3,880,000
1,000
44,178
1,000
1,279,500
...................
100
1,500
900
20,500
500
15,500
22,698
886,000
,233
6,189
206,000
........
14..........
500
13,000
1,365
33,000
19,205
629,000
1013..........
293,500
....................
15..........
1,247
31,000
921
26,500
31,562
1,255,500
4,480
158,000
....................
16..........
14,711
244,000
38,500
861,000
16,771
555,000
2,730
51,500
....................
1905........
1,108,272
21,723,500
41,286
936,000
594,981
21,723,500
93,555
2,629,000
13,200
146,100
1904........
1903........
957,253
837,234
16,723,412
16,029`149
8,296
3.440
152,125
82,420
523,634
440,662
16,335,510
14,179,705
86,154
69,667
2,205,434
1:741,209
16,264
32,431
171,279
292,853
1902........
62,5,758
13,965,,850
....
310,367
10,661,295
36,445
870,417
17,067
158,185
1901........
504,697
12,808,447
........................
229,439
11,113,066
24,702
795,100
....................
1900........
412,864
4,028,294
........................
175,439
4,226,152
17,044
352,216
....................
1899........
363,523
6,915,623
..........
134938
4,686,036
14,276
337,421
....................
1898........
307.580
5,542,478
........................
105:077
3,040,307
17,092
449,512
....................
District No. 1.--Carnduff, Alameda, and South Moose Mountain districts.
District No. 2.-Weyburn and Yellow Grass districts.
District No. 3.-Moosomin, Wapella, and Broadview districts.
District No. 4.-Grenfell,Wolseley, Indian Head, and Qu'Appelle districts.
District No. 5.-Regina and Moose Jaw districts.
District No. 6.-Crane Lake, Maple Creek, and Medicine Hat districts.
District No. 7.-Yorkton and Saltcoats districts.
District No. 8.-Includes all that portion of the Provisional District of
Saskatchewan lying east of the 104th degree of west longitude. It is not
yet under settlement.
District No. 9.-Prince
Albert District.
District No. 10.-Battleford
District.
District No. 11.-Includes
the western fourteen ranges of townships in
the Provisional District of Saskatchewan. Second crop in this district.
District No. 12.-Edmonton,
Strathcona, and Wetaskiwin districts.
District No. 13.-Red
Deer, Lacombe, and Ponoka districts.
District No. 14.-Innisfail,
Olds, and Didsbury districts.
District No. 15.-Central
Alberta or Calgary District.
District No. 16.-Lethbridge,
Macleod, and Pincher Creek districts.
_r-
Western Canada Homestead lkegulations
THE FOLLOWING IS A PLAN OF A TOWNSHIP
N Each square contains
SIX MILES S UARE. 640 acres; each quar.
ter section contains 160
acres.
A section contains
NUNN 640 acres and forms
one mile square.
Government Lands
for n homestead
(?list is for free settle -
MEN OEM 4 mentf.-Section Nos.2,
6 IC 1214,1618 20,
ra Canadian Pacific
a
Railway Lands for
sale. -Section Noe. 1,
m 86 7, 9,1s, 15,17,19, 21'
W N E 23, 5, 21 8
,
a Seaton Noe. 1, 9, 13,
XEmu
21, 25, 33, along the main
yt line, Winnipeg, to
Moose Jaw, can be pur-
chased from Canada
Northwest Land ECom-
pany.
School Sections. -
Section Nos. 1t and 29
are reserved by Gov-
ernment for school
purposes.
Hudson's Bay Com-
pany'aLandfor sale.-
$ Sections Nos. 8 and 26.
Any even -numbered section of Dominion lands in Manitoba or the Northwest
Territories, excepting 8 and 26, which has not been homesteaded, reserved to pro-
vide wood lots for settlers or for other purposes, may be homesteaded upon by
any person who 1s the sole head of a family, or any male over eighteen years of
age, to the extent of one -quarter section of 160 acres, more or less.
ENTRY
Entry may be made personally at the local land office for the district In which
the land to be taken to sltuate, or if the homesteader desires, he mayy, on applica-
tion to the Minister of the Interior, (,ttawa, the Commissioner of immigration,
Winnipeg, or the local agent for the district in which the land is situate, receive
authority for someone to make entry for him. A Yee of e10 is charged for au ordt-
nary homestead entry.
HOMESTEAD DUTIES
'Under the present law homestead duties must the performed in one of the fol-
lowing ways, namclyy: "
(1) By at least six months residence upon and cultivation of the land In each
year during the term of three years.
(2) If the father (or the mother, If the father is deceased) of any person who is
ellgible to make a homestead entry resides upon a farm In the vicinity of the land
entered for by such person as a homestead, the requirements of the law as to resi-
dence prior to obtaining patent may be satisfied by such person residing with the
father or mother.
(3) If the settler has his permanent residence upon farming land owned by him
In the vicinity of his homestead, the requirements of the law as to residence may
be satisfied by residence upon the said land.
APPLICATION FOR PATENT
Should be matte at the end of the three years, before the Local Agent., Sub -Agent,
or the Homestead Inspector. Before making application for patent the settler
must give six months' no!ice in writing to the Commissioner of Dominion Lands
at Ottawa of his Intention to do so.
INFORMATION
Newly arrived Immigrants will receive at the immix_ ration office in Winnipeg
or at any Dominion lands odice in Manitoba or the Northwest Territories, informa-
tion as to the lands that are open for entry, and from the officers in chargKe, free of
expense, advice and aeatatance in securing lands to suit them; andfullinformatfon
respecting tha land, timber, coal, and mineral laws, as well ae respecting Dominion
lands I I the railway belt ( r British Columbia, may be obtained upon application to
the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, Ottawa; the Commissioner of
Immigration, Winnipeg, Manitoba, or to any of the Dominion lands agents in
Manitoba or the Northwest Territories.
W. W. CGRY,
DepuG)/ Mtntater of the Interior.
N. B.-In addition to free grant lands, to which the regulations above stated
refer, thousanda of acres of most desirable lands are available for lease or pur-
chase from railroad and other corporations and private firms In Western Canada.
CUSTOMS -FREE ENTRIES
The following Is an extract from the customs tariff of Canada, specifying the
articles that can be so entered:
Settlers' Effects, viz.: Wearing apparel, houeebold furniture, books, Implements
and tools of trade, occupation, or employment ; grate, musical metrumente,
domestic sewing machines, typewriters, ]lye stock, bicycles, carts and other
vehlclea and agricultural implements iu use by the settler Yor at least six"
months
before his removal Lo Canada; not to include machinery or articles imported for
use in any manufacturing establishment or for sale also books, Ptcturee, family
plate or furniture, personal effects, and heirlooms left by begqnest; provided, that
any dutiable articles entered as settlers' effects may not be eo entered unless
brought with the settler on his fleet arrival, and shall not be sold or otherwiso de-
posed of without payment of dutyy until after twelve months' actual use in Canada;
provided also, that under regulations made byy the Comptroller of Customs, live
stock, when imported Into Manitoba or the l'orthweat Territories by intending
settler, shall be free until otherwise ordered by the Governor in Council.
5«tilers arriving from the Unit
ed ed States are allowed to enter tint free stock in
the following proortions: One animal (of neat stock or horses for each ten acres
of land purchased or otherwise secured under homestead entry, up to 160 acres
and one sheep for each acre eu secured. Customs duties paid on animals broughtl
in excess of this proportion will be refunded for the number applicable to an
additional holding of 160 acres when
The settler will be required toflll up a form (which will be supplied him b
the customs officer on application) gwing description, value, etc., of the goods
and articles pc wishes to be allowed to bring in flee of duty. He will also be
required to Eake Chefollowtng oath:
I________ ______ _ __ •:_. __ ___ _ _ do hereby solemnly make oath and
sa that all Lh oode an y, e g d articles, hereinbefore mentioned are, to the beat of my
knowledge and belief, entitled to free. entry ao� settlers' effects, under the tariff of
suites of cuetome now 1n force, and all' of them have been owned and 1n actual
use by myself for at least six months before removal to Canada; and that none of
the goods or articles shown In tht, entry have been Imported as merchandise or
for any use in manufacturing establishment, or for sale, and that I intend becom•
1ng a permanent settler within the Dominion of Canada.
Sworn before me at ------------------------------------ day of ------------------190..
The following oath shall be made by Intending settlers when Importing live
stock Into J1lanitoba or the Northwest Territories free of duty : .
I_ ____________________ ____________ __ do solemnly swear That Iamnow moving
Into Manitoba (or tits Northwest Territories) with the intention of becoming a
settler therein, and that the live stock enumerated and describes to the entry here-
unto attached Is intended for my own use on the farm which I am about to occupy
(or cultivate), and not for sale or speculative purposes, nor for the use of any other
person or persona whomsoever.
'QUARANTINE OF SETTLERS' CATTLE
Settlers' cattle, when accompanied by certincatea of health, to be admitted
without detention; when not so accompanied, they umst he inspected. Inspectors
may sub.Sect any cattle showing symptoms of tuberculous to the tuberculin teat
before allowing them to enter. Any cattle found tuberculous to be returned to c! -e
United States or killed wlthout'indenmftyy. Sheep, for breeding and feeding par
posse, may be admitted subject to Inspection at port of entry, and must be accom
panted by a certificate, signed by a Goverment inspector, that sheep scab has not
existed !"n the district in which they have been fed for six months preceding the
date of hnportation. If disease Is discovered to exist In them, they maybe returned
or slaughtered. Swine may be admitted, when forming part of settlers' effects,
but only after a quarantine of fifteen days at the border, and when accompanied
by a certificate that swine plague or hug cholera has not existed in the district
whence they name for six months preceding the date of shipment; when not 4a
companied by such certificate, they moat be subject to Inspection at port of entrgy.
If found diseased, to be slaughtered without compensation.
rs` effects, within the meaning of this tariff, may he made
NagOne Or other VemC18s, for personal ll8e (eeCOna-ha¢a); 7arm
jute, and tools (all second-hand); softwood lumber (Pine, h
mly), and shingles, which must not exceed 2,000 feet in all, or the
or In lieu of, not in addition to the lumber and shingles a port
chipped; seed grain; small quantity of trees or ehntbbery; sin
or pet animals; and sufficient feed for the live stock while on t
.ass than carloads will be unaeretood to mean only household got
wagons or other vehicles, for personal use (second-hand): and e
tchinery, Implements, and tools. Lase than carload lots shoal!
C.- Merchandise,
such as groceries, provisions, hardware, etc., also implements
machinery, vehicles, etc.. if new. will not be rerarded as settlers' effects, and li?
ehipped will be charged the company's regular classified tariff rates.
D.-Should the allotted number of Ilvo stuck he exceeded, the additional animals
will be taken at the ordinary classified rates, over and above the carload rates for
the settlers' effects, but the total charge for any one such car will not exceed the
regular rate for a straight carload of live stock. (These ordinary tariff rates will
be furnished by station agents on application.)
E.-Passes.-One man will be passed free in charge of live stock when forlorn
Warta of carloads, to feed, water, and care for them in transit. Agents will use the
ra are not permitted, ender any circumstances, to loam
box or stock care; such manner of loading is dangerous,
G.-Carloads w01 not be stopped at any Point short of destination for the pur-
pose of unloading part. The entire carload must go through to the station to
which originally consigned.
H.-Carload Rates. -The rates shown In the column headed "Carloads" apply
on any ehtpmeet occupyingg a car, and weighing 21,000 pounds (1 tone) or leas. If
the carloads weigh over 29,000 Pounds, the additional weight will be charged for at
proportionate rates. tExamplo: 9,?!15 "per car" is equivalent t0 85 cents per
hundred pounds, at which rate the additional weight would be charge .)
STOP -OVER PRIVII.EG:E6
Intending settlers are given the privilege of stopping over at stations where
they wish to inspect ]and. Application should Ue made to the conductor before
reaching station where stop -over is required.
FUEL FOR SETTLERS
Any homesteader having no timber on his homestead map, on application to the
Local Agent of Dominion Lands, get a permit to cut what he requit►s for building
material, fencing, and fuel for use on his homestead.
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ISSUED BY DIRECTION OF
HON. FRANK OLIVER, Minister of the Interior
OTTAWA, CANADA