HomeMy WebLinkAbout966North Picked
Archaeology
Victor A. Konrad
William A. Ross
Irene Bowman
---DRT 4 June 74
For f..at the om.
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reference
PART I
An Archaeological Survey for
the North Pickering Project
Victor A. Konrad
William A. Ross
QiCKERING PUBLIC LIBRARY
CENTRAL BRANCH
Preface
Planning for the development of a community poses numerous prob-
lems. Significant among these is the problem of preserving the
cultural heritage of the past. The imprint of man's prehistoric
and historic occupation of the North Pickering Project is very
men in evidence in the landscape of the present. The past has
in fact played a major role in developing this landscape. The
development of a large community can easily eradicate a great
deal of the past. Due to the unique opportunity of planning for
the development beforehand. however, it can insure the preserva-
tion of the past for future generations. It can also. again due
to the advantages of advance planning, ensure that the Past is
adequately and accurately represented.
The archaeological site inventory of the North Pickering Project,
Konrad and Ross 1973, was but one of several resource inventories
carried out in the project area. This particular inventory was
designed to locate archeological sites of the area, to determine
their cultural affiliations, to assess their condition and to make
specific recommendations regarding the preservation of Prehistoric
resources in the North Pickering Site area.
The white pine succession study resulted from work carried out in
Pickering on the nearby Airport Site area, by the Ontario Arcime-
ology Society in the summer of 1973. This study was greeted with
enthusiasm by scholars. It has provided new data whose results
unexpectedly provide ecological correlation with the Konrad and
Ross survey. Thus the two were combined in a single, complement-
ary report.
The Bowman paper is being published with the kind permission of
the author; the Ontario Archaeological Society, Brian Hayden -
Director of the D.A.S. excavation; and the National Museums of
Man who administered the funding for the project.
R.G. Bowes
Director
Historical Sites Branch
Acknowledgements
This archaeological survey was supported by the North Pickering
Project of the Ministry of Treasury, Economics and Intergovern-
mental Affairs, Ontario. We would like to thank Bill Nilson
(Environmental Co-ordinator) and Dave Menzies (Property Manager)
of the project for their advice and logistical support. We
would also like to thank Michelle Greenwald for her interest in
the prehistory of the area. It initiated our involvement in the
North Pickering Project.
Special thanks Be to the field crew: Leigh Hambly, Arthur
Roberts and Elizabeth Salter. Their experience, diligence and
enthusiasm were necessary for the completion of the survey.
The residents of the project area were extremely receptive to
our survey. Almost without exception, they provided us with
valuable information, permission to survey their property and
an enthusiastic and fulfilling interest in our work. We would
particularly like to extend thanks to Sim Reesor, Russell
Mansur, Fred Ansell, Jim Reading and Brenda Davies.
Professional advice was rendered by Ur. J. Norman Emerson,
Professor of Anthropology at the University of Toronto; Bill
Russell, Historical Sites Branch Archaeologist; and C. S. Reid
of the Department of Anthropology at McMaster University. For
this we are grateful.
Guidance in the designation of Borden numbers was provided by
Louise Estabrooks, Archaeological Survey of Canada Archivist
with the National Museum of Canada.
Victor A. Konrad
William A. Ross
Contents
I.
rntrednctim .....................
.
II.
aim uciumla9icai sites of the
motto Pickering Project ................
6
The location of Sites. . . . . . .
. .
The Cultural Affiliation of Sites. . . .
. 8
The Physical Characteristics of Sites. . . . . .
. .15
I11.
A Preliminary Ptehi%toticsl sketch
for "a North Pickering PMjxt. . . . . . . . . .
. .19
19.
Archaeology es a Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .29
The condition of Sites . . . . .
. .29
Same Prospects for the Archaeological
Resources of the North Pickering Project
. .31
Recommendations for the Preservation, Salvage
and utilization of Sites . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .32
APPENDIXES
I.
The Physical Characteristics of Terminal
Woodland Village Sites . . .
..3]
The Physical Characteristics o£ Archaic
Camp Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .38
1I.
Axchzeological Site Data for too North Pickering
Project and Adjacent Area...............39
Site Data for the North Pickering Project. . .
.40
Site Data for the Adjacent Area. . . . . . . . .
. .42
III.
Archaeological Sites that Require Further
Investigation. . .
. .43
Archaeological Sites Suitable for Prehistoric
Reconstm tion add Interprotation. .
. .43
Archaeological Sites that most Be Preserved
orSalvaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .44
BIBLIOGRAPHY
List of Illustrations
Figure 1
Liz Salter and Sill Moss [eating for
eviden" of indigenous oroupttfon. . . . . .
. . 3
Figure 2
Photograph of a test square, the New
Site (AGt-36) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 3
Figure 3
Map of the cultural Affiliation of
ArcMeologleel Sites 14 the North Pickering
Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 5
Figure 4
A Generalized PreMsrorlcal Chromlogy for
the North Pickering Project. . . . . . . . .
. .10
Figure 5
Drawing of Laurentian Arenic artifacts. . .
. .20
Figure 6
Drawing of a Meadwoad projectile point. . .
. .22
Figure ]
Drawing of a sample of plokering culture
artifacts from the Miller Site WG5-1).
.24
Figure 8
Drawing of Middlemrt [orison aztifaets. . .
. .2]
Figure 9
Drawing of a Data Ontario Iroquois rimshard.
. .2B
Figure 10
Map of the Condition of Arclncaloglcal
Sites In the North Pickering Project Area. .
. .30
Figure 11
photograph of a destroyed site . . . . . . .
. .35
Figure 12
PhotograPh of a Sartially destroyed site . . .
.35
Figura 13
PMtegraph of a Partially disturbed site . .
. .36
Introduction
For over a century, archaeological surveys in Ontario have been
conducted by a few dedicated archaeologists. Of those involved
some have been interested only in recording sites of specific
cultural affiliations. A.F. Hunter and Frank Ridley. for exam-
ple, have both committed many years to the search for Late
Ontario Iroquois sites in northern Simcoe County. Many of J.V.
Wright's surveys, on the other hand, have been aimed at develop-
ing the cultural chronology for Ontario.' Whatever the immediate
purpose of these and other past surveys in Ontario, the final
objective has always been an increment to knowledge of the
province's prehistory.
Although this must remain our ultimate goal, we can no longer
afford the luxury of carrying out archaeological surveys as the
precursor of archaeological research alone. Wright (1969:12-14)
points out that our archaeological resources are being destroyed
at an accelerating rate, and it is difficult to estimate how
many thousands of sites have been eradicated to date. A greater
number will certainly be destroyed by the development of mare
highways. dams, airports and urban places. The destruction of
most of the archaeological sites in Metropolitan Toronto has
already occurred (Konrad, 1973:130). Archaeological surveys
must now be carried out in response to development pressures as
well as demands of archaeological research. Systematic survey
techniques must be employed in order to ensure that they are
performed rapidly and thoroughly. If such surveys are not
undertaken, sites of potential importance to further research
may be destroyed.
1) For refee a to the mamamus surveys married out by Unese
and other, aaidmwlogiets do Ontario, the inteested reader
is direLGsl to W. Noble (1973).
Wright (1969:12-14) urges that archaeological sites be viewed
as resources, and non-renewable resources at that. Once destroyed
they cannot be replenished. As a resource, archaeology becomes
the property of the people as well as the people's responsibility.
As a public resource, archaeology should be at the public's
disposal (McGimsey, 1912:6). Before this potential resource can
be wisely utilized, however, it must be understood. This will
require public education through both formal and informal
channels. Informal education of the public could be achieved
through the reconstruction and interpretation of Ontario pre-
history in public parks, conservation areas and museums. The
Historical Sites Branch is presently initiating programmes of
info ram l education in Ontario's prehistory and history in the
context of our Provincial Parks (MacLeod, 19]3).
In the North Pickering Project. our objectives included not
only a systematic inventory of the archaeological resources,
a preliminary interpretation of the area's prehistory, and
recanmendations for the preservation and salvage of poten-
tially important sites, but also a preliminary proposal for
the utilization of these resources in the context of a new
development.
The study area. delineated in Figure 3. was subjected to an
intensive and uniform survey for archaeological sites. The en-
tire area was initially subdivided into sections whose size and
number were regulated by the number of days available for survey
and testing in the area (Figure 1). These areas were system-
atically covered on a day to day basis. An attempt was made to
interview all residents in order to tap the local knowledge of
the area.
It became obvious, during the implementation of our projected
survey schedule, that a rigorous adherence to the block by
block survey did not allow us to follow up leads on sites out-
side of our scheduled survey blocks. Consequently, for the
balance of the season, information that came to Our attention was
w
Immediately investigated. This tactic aided in maintaining good
relations with the area residents, on whose co-operation we
depended, and also insured the investigation of all possible
sources of information. The basic survey pattern was maintained
as a guide to our activities.
Our excavations were kept to a minimum for two basic reasons.
Excavation is a time consuming process and our major aim was to
gain the best possible assessment of the number, location and
condition of the sites in the area. The large area to be covered,
therefore, demanded that we restrict ourselves to surveying for
all possible traces of prehistoric occupation. Second, we dis-
covered that the artifact collections of local residents, our own
surface collections and minimal test excavations (Figure 2) pro-
vided sufficient evidence to place the sites within a broad
period context. All known collections of local residents were
photographed.2
Several sites outside the boundaries of the proposed townsite
were also checked. It was felt that a more complete picture of
the aboriginal habitation would be obtained by investigating some
of the sites adjacent to our survey area. These sites have been
separated in the analysis.
2) Inane records and tin artifacts cbtainai from our smmface
collections ab test exemations have been deposited with
the Historical Sites &anch.
Figure 3.
•aN, .�
T CUXu MXMe d Artluedrjcg $ n " I th PiJ Prgecl Area
5
e -
/N
•gs
mb
mu
.X
Mj .
IX
•• 13
•
~
�•IX
m
90
•m]
LP
1
A
PE
q
•,.vyw M•
FE
9
AI
T CUXu MXMe d Artluedrjcg $ n " I th PiJ Prgecl Area
5
The Archaeological Sites of
the North Pickering Project
The archaeological survey of the North Pickering Project area
has produced an inventory of fifty-nine archaeological sites.
An additional seventeen sites, located adjacent to the project
area, were also recorded.' A standard recording procedure was
adopted for every site in order to insure the acquisition of
comparative data that would be useful not only for the evalu-
ation of the cultural affiliation and the physical character-
istics of the sites, but also for the determination of prior-
ities for the preservation of archaeological sites. Accumulated
data on the type, cultural affiliation, physical characteristics
and condition of the sites appear in Appendix 11.
This section of the report deals with the location, type.
cultural affiliation and physical characteristics of the
archaeological sites discovered. The data have been synthesized
to provide a preliminary interpretation of the prehistory of the
area. This prehistorical sketch is based on the 1973 research,
and previous work carried on by Donaldson (1960, 1961, 1962a,
1962b and 1965), Emerson (1961, 1956 and 1966), Garrad (1971),
Kenyon (1959, 1960, 1967, and 1968), Konrad (1971 and 1973),
Raid (1973), Ridley (1958), Webb (1%9) and Wright (1960 and
1962). Wright's ontm o prehistory and ontario frog o a
Tradition provide the framework for this preliminary interpret-
ation. A considerable amount of archaeological excavation will
be required to provide a satisfactory prehistory for the area.
1) Thew sites, althxs401 l w(l artside t North Pickering
Project 1x mdaies, are relates in a cp1U ' tmgorel
mtl spatial context to rhe 5itos inside the surrey area
and am consequently essential to our evaluatd of the
arehaeolc&bl msgmras of the survey area.
1, The Location of Sites
The importance of accurate locational information for pre-
historic sites cannot be overemphasized. Prehistoric sites.
situated in a landscape that has sustained hundreds or
thousands of years of natural and man made changes since the
time of occupation are discernible to the trained specialist
only. In order to insure the subsequent location of these
sites, a record of accurate and adequate locational inform-
ation is mandatory. Although such data have been collected
and recorded for every site in the survey area, they are not
provided in this published report in order to insure the preser-
vation of archaeological resources. A generalized distri button
map provides adequate locational information to complement this
discussion.
An examination of site distribution (Figure 3) reveals a
relatively dense concentration of finds in the southwestern
quarter of the North Pickering Site. In fact the majority of
archaeological sites are located in this area. So dense is the
concentration of finds, that mest are within a half a mile of
their nearest neighbour. The distance between neighbouring
sites is substantially increased in other parts of the survey
area, but minor concentrations do occur.
Outside of providing an indication of the general distribution
of finds, the cartographic documentation of site locations
must he related to cultural and environmental variables before
it can provide insights useful for the interpretation of
prehistory.
2. The Cultural Affiliation of Sites
Three lines of evidence were useful in determining the cultural
affiliation of archaeological sites in the survey area. These
Were as follows: an evaluation of the size of the site, a
determination of the type of site, and most important, the
retrieval of an artifact sample from the site. The first two
lines of evidence provide a useful check on the results of
artifact analysis but cannot give diagnostic proof of a site's
cultural affiliations. Due to the preliminary nature of the
testing operations carried out, cultural affiliations are ex-
pressed in the generalized archaeological period context out-
lined by Wright (1972:8) and represented in Figure a.
The prehistoric periods represented in the survey area are the
Archaic, the Initial Woodland and the Terminal Woodland. A
few sites are related to the period of occupation by Historic
indigenous peoples. No evidence attributable to the Palaeo-
Indian period was uncovered. This fact is not surprising since
most of the evidence of Palaeo-Indian occupation in Southern
Ontario has resulted from chance finds which occur largely in
Southwestern Ontario. The evidence of Initial Woodland occupation
is tenuous - only one projectile point diagnostic of this
period was located. The lack of diagnostic evidence for the
Initial Woodland period supports the findings, or lack of find-
ings, of recent archaeological surveys in the Toronto area.
Only a handful of sites, out of a total that now exceeds 200
for the metropolitan Toronto Planning Area, indicate any
evidence of Initial Woodland occupation (Konrad, 19]3:50).
While the evidence for the Initial Woodland and the Palaeo-
Indian periods is extremely sparse to non-existent, both the
Archaic and the Terminal Woodland are Well represented.
A breakdown of the site inventory by cultural affiliation
appears as Table 1. Although a substantial number of the sites
Table 1.
THE CULTURAL AFFILIATION OF SITES
CULURAL WITHIN NORTH TOTAL SITES
AFFILIATION - PICKERING RECORDED
Unknown
Archaic
Initial Woodland
Terminal Woodland
Historic
30
15
1
28
3
*An Archaic and a Terminal Woodland component have been reported
for the Sewell Site. This increases the totals by one component.
Figure 4.
A GENERALIZED
PREHISTORICAL
CHRONOLOGY FOR THE NORTH
PICKERING PROJECT
YEARS
PERIOD
SOUTHERN ONTARIO
NORTH PICKERING
A.D.
B.P.
CHRONOLOGY
CHRONOLOGY
HISTORIC
ALGONKIAN CULTURE
HISTORIC
MISSISSAUGA
1650
350------------------------------------------------------------
Late Ontario
Iroquois
1450
550
Huron-Petun
Branch
Southern Division
1350
650
TERMINAL
Ontario Iroquois
- ----------------
Middle Ontario
WOODLAND
and St. Lawrence
Iroquois
Iroquois cultures
Middleport Sub-
stage
1250
750
Early Ontario
Iroquois
Pickering Branch
1000
1000 ---------------------
----------------------
-
Princess Point
Culture
0
2000
INITIAL
Saugeen-Point
Point Peninsula
WOODLAND
Peninsula-
Culture?
Meadomod
Cultures
3000-------------
----
-----_-
4000
ARCHAIC
Laurentian
Laurentian
Culture
Culture
5000
6000
]000-------------------------------------------------------------
8000
Plano Culture
woo
PALAEO
INDIAN
10000
Clovis Culture
11000
(After
Wright,
1966, 19]2).
In
defy cultural identification, due to either their poor condition
or their isolated find character, the majority of sites located
can be associated with at least a general archaeological period.
The sparse evidence of Initial Woodland occupation has already
been discussed. Historic representations, inside the North
Pickering Site area, are former Mississauga encampments of
relatively recent origin. They were occupied well after European
settlement in the area had been initiated. A possible Historic
Iroquois burial site (AkGs-5) was located adjacent to the project
area. This site requires further and immediate investigation.
Archaic and Terminal Woodland sites comprise the larger part of
the inventory. A total of twelve Archaic sites are located with-
in the survey area and an additional three were found immediately
adjacent. The location of both Archaic and Terminal Woodland
sites an the borders of the North Pickering Site dispels any
notion that the site concentrations of these two periods Were
confined within the survey area and also provides some evidence
of the nature of the extension of these concentrations outside
the survey area. This evidence reinforces the findings of past
surveys in the area east of Toronto (Konrad, 1973:47).
Although the evidence of Archaic occupation is sufficient only
to assign these sites to the broad context of Laurentian culture2.
a number of Terminal Woodland sites can be assigned to a stage
and even a substage affiliation (Wright, 1966). These sites are
understandably those that have seen sane excavation and analysis
by archaeologists.
Included here is the well-known and well-documented Miller Site
(A1Gs-1) excavated by Dr. Walter Kenyon of the Royal Ontario
Museum (Kenyon, 1959, 1960, 1967, 1968). This is an Early
Ontario Iroquois village site of the Pickering Branch (or
2) Titin is also attdbuGble to the state of
Archie period research i Southern Ontario.
substage) located in the southeastern portion of the townsite.
Although the only other site within the survey area exhibiting
any evidence of Early Ontario Iroquois occupation is the now
eradicated Deckers Hill Site (A1Gs-14), two sites associated
with this stage are known adjacent to the southeastern boundary
of the North Pickering Site (see Figure 3). These are the
Boys (A1Gs-10) and Carleton (A1Gs-11) Sites tested by Clarke
and Ridley in 1955 (Ridley, 1958). Both sites are now being
excavated and analyzed by C.S. Reid of McMaster University
(Reid, 1913). Although the Boys Site is clearly an Early
Ontario Iroquois site, the Carleton Site has also produced
evidence of Late Ontario Iroquois occupation and thus requires
further investigation.
The largest proportion of Terminal Woodland sites appears to be
associated with the Middle Ontario Iroquois stage. An analysis
of the Millroy Site (A1Gt-4) material places it within the
Middleport or final substage of the Middle Ontario Iroquois
(Wright, 1966:59-64). Although a substage affiliation has not
been determined for A1Gt-8, A1Gt-14 and A1Gt-36, all of these
are Middle Ontario Iroquois sites. Upon completion of further
research on the other known village sites in the Southwestern
portion of the survey area, a greater number of Middle Ontario
Iroquois sites will likely emerge. The relatively dense con-
centration of Middle Ontario Iroquois sites in the Rouge River
valley is reinforced by the location of an additional number of
sites west of the townsite boundary. These include the Robb
Site (A1Gt-33, Wright, 1966:60), the Elliot Site (AkGt-2,
Donaldson, 1965) and the Faraday Site (A1Gt-18, Konrad, 19]3).
Also included in the dense concentration of Terminal Woodland
sites in the southwestern towmsite area are a number of Late
Ontario Iroquois components: the Sim Reeser Site (A1Gt-12),
the Fred Beare Site (A1Gt-30) and the Burkholder Si to II
(A1Gt-35). Substage affiliations for these sites await further
research. They are, however, definitely not Historic Ontario
Iroquois and appear to be related to the Southern or earlier
division of the Huron-Petun Branch as outlined by Wright (1966).
This is reinforced by their geographic location. An hypothesis
of transitional, substage affiliation, between the Middle and
Late Ontario Iroquois, warrants investigation. Should this
prove to be the case, the concentration of sites would prove
extremely valuable to Iroquoian research.
Both site size and type data are of value in reinforcing pre-
liminary cultural affiliation designations based upon the artifact
samples retrieved from site testing. The relationships existing
between the cultural affiliations of sites and both site size
and type have been previously tested for a large sample of sites
in the Metropolitan Toronto area (Konrad, 19]3:58-63). The
results indicate a moda13 site size of 1.1-3.0 acres (.425-1.234
hectares) for Archaic and 3.1-6.0 acres (1.235-2.448 hectares)
for Terminal Woodland. An Initial Woodland modal size of 3.1-6.0
acres is not very meaningful due to the small size of the sample.
Historic sites were almost evenly distributed in all classes.
In other words, the sample of historic sites did not indicate
any site size preference. The relationship between cultural
affiliation and site type for the Toronto sites indicated that
most Terminal Woodland sites were villages and the remainder
were ossuary burials; a finding which is in agreement with the
definition of a Terminal Woodland site (Wright, 1966; 1972:67).
Archaic sites were either campsites or individual finds of
artifacts. This result reinforces the definition of an Archaic
site (Wright, 1962; 1973:27-31).
The sites recorded during the 1973 survey of the project area are
classified according to size and type in Tables 2 and 3. Most
of the sites can be readily assigned to a type. A size estimate.
even in a flexible class interval context, however, requires a
knowledge of the approximate extent of the site. This demands
3) the vsd statistic is employal for class interval data.
the node 5s the average class cr the ells in which the
Smartest frequency occans.
Table 2.
THE SIZE OF SITES
SIZE
(ACRES)
SIZE
(HECTARES)
WITHIN NORTH
PICKERING
TOTAL SITES
RECORDED
Less than 1
Less than .424
T
9
1.1-3.0
.425-1.234
8
10
3.1-6.0
1.235-2.448
9
11
6.1-10.0
2.449-4.06]
1
1
Unknown
Unknown
34
45
59 76
THE TYPE OF SITES
SITE TYPE
WITHIN NORTH
PICKERING
TOTAL SITES
RECORDED
Village
21
27
Burial
7
11
Campsite
11
13
Isolated Finds
17
22
Unknown
4
4
60* 1)*
*An Archaic and Terminal Woodland component have been reported
for the Sewell Site. This increases the total by one conmonent. a
a certain amount of detailed testing and excavation. Con-
sequently, over half of the sites in the sample cannot be
classified.
Both the size and type data sets are cross -tabulated with the
cultural affiliation data in Tables 4 and 5 respectively. From
the size and cultural affiliation cross -tabulation, for both the
North Pickering Project and total inventory of sites, the rel-
atively small size of Archaic sites as opposed to larger Terminal
Woodland sites is apparent. The Terminal Woodland sites occupy
every size class but are concentrated in the 1.1 to 3.0 acre
and 3.1 to 6.0 acre classes. These results are in agreement
with the findings of the Metropolitan Toronto area survey.
Evidence that Archaic sites within the project area occupy a
smaller area than Terminal Woodland sites agrees with evidence
derived from the excavation of Archaic and Terminal Woodland
sites in the Northeast.
The cross -tabulation of type and cultural affiliation data
indicates that mat Terminal Woodland sites recorded were villages.
The Garland ossuary (A1Gs-13, Webb, 1969) is an exception. Both
the Archaic and the historic sites are campsites. A number of
isolated finds are also affiliated with the Archaic period.
3. The Physical Characharis[ics of Sites
The physical characteristics of sites were recorded for two basic
reasons. First, traditional archaeological survey to Ontario,
and recent surveys in the Toronto area, have defined and made use
of distinctive physical attributes of archaeological sites and
situations in the location of further sites. The results of
recent surveys in the Toronto area indicate the association of
specific physical characteristics with components of both Archaic
and Terminal Woodland periods (Konrad, 1913:58-64). These rela-
tionships required further testing and were consequently examined
Table 4.
CULTURAL AFFILIATION AND SIZE OF SITE
TOTAL SITES RECORDED
Cultural Affiliation
4
Unknown
4
2
Archaic
1
2
Initial Woodland
1
6
9
1
Terminal Woodland
1
8
11
1
Historic
3
1.1-
3.1-
6.1 -
Site Size (acres)
Less
1.1-
3.1-
6.1 -
(hectares)
than 1
3.0
6.0
10.0
(hectares)
.424
.425-
1.235-
2.449-
1.234
2.448
4.067
NORTH PICKERING PROJECT
Cultural Affiliation
Unknown
4
Archaic
2
Initial Woodland
Terminal Woodland
1
6
9
1
Historic
2
Site Size (acres)
Less
1.1-
3.1-
6.1 -
than 1
3.0
6.0
10.0
(hectares)
.424
.425-
1.235-
2.449-
1.234
2-448
4.067
26
11
1
7
Un-
known
19
9
1
5
Un-
known
is
Table 5.
CULTURAL AFFILIATION AND TYPE OF SITE
TOTAL SITES RECORDED
Cultural Affiliation
NORTH PICKERIM
PROJECT
Cultural Affiliation
Unknown
R
1
16
4
Archaic
6
1
10
6
Archaic
Initial Woodland
a
4
1
Initial Woodland
Terminal Woodland
22
1
1
Terminal Woodland
Historic
1
1
2
Historic
Site Type
2
Site Type
17
NORTH PICKERIM
PROJECT
Cultural Affiliation
Unknown
6
1
12
4
Archaic
a
4
Initial Woodland
1
Terminal Woodland
21
1
Historic
2
Site Type
IS
17
for the North Pickering Project sites. Second, the physical
attributes of Prehistoric sites have been valuable in reconstruct-
ing the prehistory of the area.
The Physical characteristics of Terminal Woodland village sites
and Archaic cane sites are listed in Appendix 1. All of the
village sites, with the exception of one, which appears to have
served a special function, are located within 500 feet (152 metres)
of a stream or spring, Archaic camp sites are located up to 1000
feet (305 metres) from streams, springs or rivers. Slope
requirements for Archaic sites also vary more than those of
Terminal Woodland sites. The latter seem to be associated mostly
with gentle and rolling land. Soil texture seems to be the major
differentiating physical characteristic. Terminal Woodland
agriculturalists in the North Pickering Project area chase sandy
loam and loam soils for their village sites while Archaic hunters
and gatherers understandably had no clear preference for any
soil texture.
Table 6.
THE CONDITION OF SITES
CONDITION
WITHIN NORTH
TOTAL SITES
PICKERING
RECORDED
Excavated
5
6
Destroyed
15
20
Partially Disturbed
8
12
Partially Destroyed
29
35
Unknown
3
3
A Preliminary Prehistorical Sketch
for the North Pickering Project
Although Palaeo-Indian hunters may have occupied the North
Pickering Site area up to 10,000 years ago, no evidence of
any occupation has been uncovered th data. The possibility
of their presence in the survey area is suggested by the
discovery of a Clovis culture dart head near Markham, Ontario
in 1930 (Garrod, 1971:3-18).
Evidence of the earliest Occupation of the project area is
related to the Laurentian Archaic culture (see Figure 4). The
Archaic peoples probably developed out of a Plano Culture base
(Wright, 1972:23). Although no evidence of Early Archaic
occupation has been identified for the survey area, a number
of campsites and isolated finds throughout the area have
produced material diagnostic of the Laurentian culture. Two
of the projectile points and one of the gouges located in
our survey are reproduced in Figure 5. Peoples of this
culture occupied the area between 3000 and 5000 years before
the present.
The Laurentian people represented the first
substantial population of hunters and fishermen
to live in Southern Ontario and the way Of life
that they established was to have a vital impact
upon subsequent events. (Wright. 1972:27).
In the Worth Pickering site area they chose temporary campsites
near reliable sources of water in both the Duffin Creek and Rouge
River drainage basins. These sites were never far removed from
the major streams where fish could he taken. Although none of
the Archaic sites in this area have been excavated, evidence
from other sites in the Northeast suggests that Archaic peoples
re big game hunters who relied mainly on deer, elk, bear and
beaver for food. Smaller game animals, fish, shellfish. birds
Figure S.
Laa 4an Archaic Artlfecla Scale: 3/4 ea l six.
and wild plant foods were also utilized, apparently on a
seasonal basis (Wright, 1972:27). Wright (1972:31) points out
that regional variation in the Laurentian Archaic was marked.
Two different varieties of Laurentian Archaic are evident in
Southwestern and Eastern Ontario and a blending of these occurs
in the Toronto area. This observation is based upon apparent
differences in material culture traits (Wright, 1962:141). In
addition, each concentration Of Laurentian Archaic finds exhibits
some differentiating characteristics which are noticeable in
tools such as gouges. projectile points, semi -lunar blades and
axes. This is probably indicative of differences in the food
sources exploited and the total round of activities engaged in
from one watershed to another. In the Toronto area, the small
rivers, the swamps at the river mouths and the lake may have
been exploited for their fish resources. Perhaps the Laurentian
peoples of the North Pickering Site area relied heavily on fish-
ing during spawning seasons and on larger game animals during
the rmainder of the year. This possibility requires examination.
Another aspect of this culture that requires elucidation is the
nature Of their campsites. The discovery Of a number of
Laurentian Archaic campsites in the survey area is of great value.
Between apProximately 3000 and 1000 years ago 0000 B.C.-1000 A. D.
the North Pickering Site area nay have remained uninhabited. Only
one projectile point of chipped chert attests to any occupation
during the Initial Woodland period. This point is diagnostic of a
late Archaic and early Initial Woodland or Point Peninsula culture
tool making tradition (Figure 6).
Approximately 1000 years ago, prehistoric peoples again moved into
the area. These were not hunters and gatherers, but instead incip-
ient agriculturalists who had already rade the transition from
seasonal movement to semi -sedentary village life. The Pickering
peoples who occupied the Miller Site and a few other small
village sites adjacent to the southeastern boundary of the,
North Pickering Site were representative Of this group. The
Figure 6.
scale: approxL iy t m mtrm size.
lft rN G Mt
Int®I lM1 Lard PonW - Point Peninsula Culture
Pickering culture developed out of the Point Peninsula culture
in the area north of Lake Ontario (Wright, 1966:22).
Evidence of the Pickering peoples' occupation of the prof act
area is restricted to finds in the southeastern portion. The
village sites are located on sandy soils adjacent to springs and
small streams. The excavation of the Miller Site has provided
evidence of at least six house structures, approximately twenty-
five feet wide and up to sixty feet in length, surrounded by a
palisade structure (Kenyon, 1968:12-21). Palisade posts ranged
between two and one-quarter and nine inches to diameter and were
Placed about a foot apart to fn nn an oval around the village. The
ovate houses were constructed with poles of a slightly smaller
diameter. A total of thirty-two individuals were found interred
in seven graves within and adjacent to the village (Kenyon, 1968:
23). The artifact analysis indicates that the Pickering people
fashioned adzes and other tools by grinding stone: scrapers,
drills and projectile paints by chipping flint; awls, needles,
harpoon points, heads, projectile points and various ornaments
by working animal bone: beads and awls by working native copper;
and pipes and pottery vessels by employing a knowledge of ceramic
manufacture and utilizing local clays (Keryon, 1968:26-49). A
small Semple of Pickering culture artifacts from the Miller Site
appears to Figure 1. Diagnostic traits are the elbow pipes and
the dragstamp motif and basses on the rims of ceramic vessels.
The Pickering peoples were corn agriculturalists but also relied
heavily on hunting and fishing (Wright, 1966:22). Evidence from
Pit features excavated at the Miller Site indicate that the
inhabitants ate fish, and mammals such as beaver (Kenyon, 1968:
25-26). Their fishing activities were likely concentrated on
Duffin Creek and my have extended south to Lake Ontario. Hunting
was also practised in the area. The corn fields more doubtless
located in proximity to the village so that this food source
would be readily available to the inhabitants. Cultivation and
protection of the crops would also have involved considerably
less work if the fields were within easy reach of the village.
Fgm 7.
Scale: 1 1/4 iattmal eine.
SKr ;%�P�L 1' �e^�./` • -,
P'. TfM
igvr,
mw wO B r LH pMw 0 1 a
Mm 1Yrpoan
A Sample d RokenM Cultm Artilads fmm the Miller She Ctllec
of the ROM. RemW with kn permission of Dr. W.A. Irenyon.
m
The sandy soils surrounding the site Were certainly amenable to
Pickering agricultural technology. Haavy clay sails would not
have been easily cultivated with their agricultural implements.
In addition, clay soils do not Warm up as early in the spring as
do soils of a sandy texture (Hoffman, Wicklund and Richards,
1962:45). Thus, soils of a sandy texture were in part utilized
to accommodate the long growing season required by corn.
After the westward expansion of the Pickering peoples and their
assimilation of the Glen Meyer peoples in about 1300 A -D., a
relatively homogeneous culture existed for about one hundred years
throughout Southern Ontario. This time interval is known as the
Middle Ontario Iroquois stage (Wright, 1966:54). During the lat-
ter part of this stage, which was also known as the Middleport
horizon (Wright, 1960), the southwestern portion of the North
Pickering Site was occupied by a dense concentration of village
sites. Since the inhabitants were shifting cultivators who moved
their village sites every ten to twenty years. the numerous (up
to fifteen) villages in this concentration Were probably all not
occupied at the sane time. The Middleport horizon was, however,
Of shaft duration, and consequently it seems quite plausible that
throughout a time period in excess of fifty years, there were a
number of simul taneuusly occupied settlements, shifting location
Periodically in the Rouge River basin. The excavation of a number
of these villages is required to test this hypothesis. Ceramic
seriation techniques should be sufficient to date the village
occupations. To date only the Millroy Site has seen detailed
excavation.
We to the preliminary nature of any excavations on the Middleport
sites in the Toronto area, little can be said about what was prob-
ably a concentrated occupation of the southwestern portion of the
North Pickering Site between 1350 and 1400 A.D. Although we can
infer that the villages were larger than their Early Ontario Iro-
quois counterparts on the basis of spatial distribution of con-
centrated artifact finds, no evidence of house structures, palisades,
or diet has been determined for this area. Inferences can be made
26
Occupation of the North Pickering Site by indigenous peoples has
also occurred during historic times. Mississauga peoples, Algankian
speakers who moved into Southern Ontario after the demise of the
Huron and the abandonment of the north shore of Lake Ontario by the
Iroquois, have left evidence of two campsites in the Rouge River
from the excavations carried out at ether Middleport sites in
Southern Ontario. The inhabitants of the Rouge River basin villages
probably cultivated the sunflower in addition to corn and certainly
practised cannibalism. In addition, they adopted an elaborate
pipe complex and practised ossuary burial (Wright, 1972:75).
Evidence of bath the pipe tradition and ossuary burial have been
located in the project area. Conical, right-angled pipes with
incising on the bowls are common finds. An example of this pipe
variety appears in Figure B. Also illustrated is an Ontario
Horizontal rimsherd. This was one of the dominant pottery types
of the Middleport horizon (Wright, 1966:61).
The final prehistoric occupation of the survey area is attributed
to the Southern Division, Huron-Petun Branch of the Late Ontario
Iroquois (Wright. 1966:66). This is an arbitrary change of nomen-
clature for these people in the area. There were, however, some
differences. By 1400 A.D. beans and squash appear in cultivation
and provide the base for an almost wholly vegetarian diet and a
resulting increase in population (Wright. 1972:75-78).
_A
Little is known about the Late Ontario Iroquois occupation of the
North Pickering Site area. None of the sites have been excavated.
The testing of Terminal Woodland village sites in the southwestern
section of the survey area indicated the presence of at least three
4
Late Ontario Iroquois sites. The castellation illustrated in
Figure 9 is typical of the rim sherds retrieved from these sites.
A number of problems remain to be investigated. First. the hypo-
thesis of Middleport to Late Ontario Iroquois development should be
examined in this area. In addition, settlement pattern data, diet-
ary information and numerous other kinds of information are required
before anything can be said about this final prehistoric occupation
...
of the area.
Occupation of the North Pickering Site by indigenous peoples has
also occurred during historic times. Mississauga peoples, Algankian
speakers who moved into Southern Ontario after the demise of the
Huron and the abandonment of the north shore of Lake Ontario by the
Iroquois, have left evidence of two campsites in the Rouge River
Figure 8.
scale: 11/2 retumal siu.
O s is Hmi,d ai nimsM
R777n
i Cai[N %M M% YcimY on BOM
Tx Mitl ftW MetsriM Culture Traits
valley. These were probably seasonal encampments. Since the occu-
pation of the area by European settlers had already begun when these
camps were occupied, the way of life of these Indians would certainly
have been altered by European contact.
In summary, the prehistory of the Korth Pickering Project is high-
lighted by two intensive occupations, both distinct in period of
occupation, settlement patterns, land use, diet. econony and social
organization. The cultures related to these occupations are the
Laurentian Archaic and the Ntario Iroquois.
Figure 9.
lis
CasMlarun fi m a iypkal
Imeualan Ceramic vaeml
late Ontario Ira{aols Scale: appxoxvpateiy retial size
kr
she
Archaeology as a Resource
The following discussion outlines the condition of sites in the
survey area and emmloys the condition and cultural affiliation
statistics for specific recommendations of preservation, salvage
and further sampling.
1. The Condition of Sites
The data an site condition are presented in Appendix II and are
also summarized in Table 6. Of the fifty-nine sites recorded
for the North Pickering Project, only five have seen excavation
to date. The results of the Miller and Millroy excavations alone
have been published. The Miller Site excavation is by far the
mast extensive of these archaeological investigations. Fifteen
of the remaining sites have been destroyed, twenty-eight have
Wen partially destroyed and eight have been partially disturbed.
The areal distribution of sites by condition class indicates that
the best preserved sites occur mainly to the southwestern quarter
of the North Pickering Site (Figure 10). This is understandable.
The site concentration is greatest in this quarter but the march
'a', of development is not as apparent as elsewhere in the towmsite.
Land use is related almost entirely to agricultural activities.
I �
Figure 10.
c TM
.owe
Rnl.n ou.n.e
1 C WIUm d Amhh l"l Sips in tM X M Pickering Raj y A
m
The development of a new community can provide a unique oppor-
tunity for interpreting and preserving the past within the
context of a plan for the future. The most meaningful and
definitive aspects of the past can be preserved as a heritage
for the future whereas, in the normal, haphazard march of pro-
gress and development, the legacy of the past, in its material
and non -material manifestations, is very often distorted beyond
recognition, even to the paint of total obliteration. A number
of alternatives are open to the developers of the North Pickering
Project. At one end of the spectrum is the alternative of total
amputation of the cultural past. A community can be developed
with total disregard for the area's prehistory and history. The
landscape can be completely transformed t0 approximate a concept
for the future. But the future is rooted in the present, just as
the present is rooted in the past, and complete transformation is
highly unlikely if not impassible. The other and of the spectrum
would see the maintenance of the present and also the development
of a new community for thousands of people. The probable result
lies somewhere between these two extremes. However, it remains
to be seen whether the North Pickering Project will lean towards
token representation of the past. as manifested by the odd museum,
historical site, and so on, or whether it will integrate history
and prehistory into a future development, meaningfully maintaining
the legacy of past landscapes and cultural experiences t0 insure
the depth of heritage necessary for cultural continuity.
Recommendations for the Preservation,
Salvage and Utilization of Sites
In order to provide lists of sites that should he preserved for
further research or salvaged in the face of imminent destruction;
or of sites requiring further sampling due to their condition
so that they might be utilized for reconstruction and interpre-
tation, the condition data were cross -tabulated with the cultural
affiliation and the site type data. The cross -tabulation of the
cultural affiliation and condition statistics indicates that a
substantial number of both Archaic and Terminal Woodland sites
are either partially destroyed or partially disturbed (Table 2).
Attention must be focused on these sites. Although four Terminal
wodland sites have seen excavation, Archaic sites have not been
investigated. The excavation of at least two Archaic components
is required. The cultural affiliation and site type cross -
tabulation results underscore the need for the investigation of
Archaic campsites (Table 8). Burial sites within the North
Pickering Project area. with one exception, have all either been
destroyed or excavated. Only the Pennock Site I (A1Gt-55)
requires further investigation.
The lists of sites noted in Appendix III requiring preservation,
or salvage and additional sampling, and the list of sites that
could be suited to reconstruction and interpretation, were form-
ulated on the basis of the foregoing cross -tabulations and our
accumulated knowledge of the sites themselves.
Figures il. 12 and 13 provide a visual indication of the three
classes of site condition. Destroyed sites are almost or totally
eradicated. An example of this is the prehistoric component
that was removed by gravel pit operations (Figure 11). Agricul-
tural activity can destroy information and artifacts near the
surface (Figure 12), while the uninterrupted maintenance of wood -
lot vegetation can preserve portions of sites from total distur.
Table 7.
CONDITION AND CULTURAL AFFILIATION
TOTAL SITES RECOROEO
Cultural Affiliation
Unknown
1
12
2
15
Archaic
1
1
4
10
Initial Noodl and
1
3
1
Terminal Woodland
5
5
6
9
3
Historic
4
2
1
7
3
Condition
2
Condition
Tv
o
F
42
.a
S'
ov
de
NORTH PICKERING
Cultural Affiliation
Unknown
1
9
1
12
Archaic
1
3
B
Initial Woodland
1
Terminal Woodland
4
3
5
7
3
Historic
2
Condition
Tv
o
F
42
g
ui
dv
de
N
Table a.
COAOITION AND TYPE OF SITE
TOTAL SITES RECORDED
Site Type
3
3
5
1
3
Vi i t age
4
5
6
9
3
Burial
2
1
2
6
Campsite
2
3
15
Isolated find
2
1
19
Unknown
A
Condition
O
Tv
y
O
qo
Q
S
w
g
av
av
�
NORTH PICKERING
SiteTT e
Village
3
3
5
1
3
Burial
2
4
1
Campsite
2
2
6
Isolated find
2
15
Unknown
A
Condition
O
Tv
O
qo
34
Figure 71. n destroyed site.
Figure 12. n a iauy destroyed site.
Fig" 13. A p u¢; y disnnbed site.
dance (Figure 13). The number of partially destroyed and disturbed
sites in the survey area is substantial. This is due mainly to
the fact that the North Pickering Site remains, for the most part,
an area of agricultural land use. As has been indicated in the
assessment of the condition of sites in the Toronto area (Konrad,
1973:68-72), urban development is the largest single factor in the
destruction of prehistoric resources. This can be avoided in the
North Pickering Project.
a
Appendix I
The Physical Characteristics of
Terminal Woodland Village Sites
SITE DRAINAGE TYPE OF NEAREST DISTANCE TO NEAREST SLOPE SOIL
WATER SOURCE WATER SOURCE TEXTURE
Feet and (Metres)
A1Gt-4
Well
drained
Stream, Spring
A1Gt-7
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gt-8
Imperfect
51-500
River
A1Gt-9
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gt-12
Well
drained
Stream
AIGt-14
Well
drained
Spring
A1Gt-19
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gt-28
Well
drained
River
Alat-30
Well
drained
Stream
AIGt-31
Well
drained
Spring
A1Gt-35
Well
drained
Stream
Ala -36
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gt-41
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gt-50
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gt-63
Well
drained
River
A1Gs-1
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gs-5
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gs-6
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gs-14
Well
drained
Spring
A1Gs-15
Well
drained
Stream
A1Gs-18
Well
drained
Spring
A1Gt-62
Well
drained
River
501-1000 (152.6-304.9) Rolling Loam
Less than
50 (15.3)
Gentle
Loam
Less than
50 (15.3)
Rolling
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Gentle
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Wed.
Loam
Steep
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Sandy
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Gentle
La am
501-1000 (152.6-304.9)
Rolling
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Gentle
Low
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Nod.
Steep
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Gentle
Sandy
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Gentle
Sandy
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Steep
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Gentle
Sandy
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Loam
51-500
(15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Loam
SITES
DRAINAGE
TYPE OF NEAREST
WATER SOURCE
DISTANCE TO NEAREST
WATER SOURCE
Feet and (Metres)
SLOPE
SOIL
TEXTURE
A1Gs-lo
Well
drained
Stream
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Sandy
Feet and (Metres)
Loam
A1Gs-11
Well
drained
Stream
51-50D (15.4-152.5)
A1Gt-13
Rolling
Sandy
Stream
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
Gentle
Loam
A1Gt-29
Well
drained
Loam
A1Gs-23
Well
drained
Stream
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Loam
AIGt-17
Well
drained
River
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
River
Rolling
Loam
A1Gt-18
Well
drained
Stream
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
Roiling
Loam
The Physical Characteristics
of Archaic Camp Sites
SITE
DRAINAGE
TYPE OF NEAREST
DISTANCE TO NEAREST
SLOPE
SOIL
WATER SOURCE
WATER SOURCE
TEXTURE
Feet and (Metres)
A1Gt-13
Well
drained
Stream
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
Gentle
Loam
A1Gt-29
Well
drained
Spring
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Clay
Loam
A1Gt-38
Well
drained
River
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
Mod.
Steep
Loam
A1Gt-43
Well
drained
Spring
501-1000 (152.6-304.9)
Rolling
Loam
A1Gs-17
Well
drained
Stream
501-1000 (152.6-304.9)
Gentle
Loam
A1Gs-22
Well
drained
River
501-1000 (152.6-304.9)
Steep
Clay
Loam
A1Gs-27
Well
drained
Stream
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
Rolling
Clay
Loam
AlOt-64
All
drained
Spring
51-5DO (15.4-152.5)
Gentle
Sandy
Loam
A1Gs-3
Well
drained
Stream
51-500 (15.4-152.5)
Gentle
Sandy
Loam
M
Appendix II
Archaeological Site Data for the North
Pickering Project and Adjacent Area
A. DATA CODE *
1.
TYPE OF SITE
2.
SIZE OF SITES acres and
(hectares)
Village
1
Less than 1 (.424)
1
Burial
2
1.1 - 3.0( 425-1.234)
2
Campsite
3
3.1 - 6.0 (1.235-2.648)
3
Isolated Find
4
6.1 - 10.0 (2.449-4.067)
4
Unknown
5
Unknown
5
3.
DRAINAGE
4.
TYPE OF NEAREST WATER SOURCE
Poorly Drained
1
Spring
1
Imperfectly Drained
2
Stream/Creek
2
Nell Drained
3
River
3
Lake
4
5.
DISTANCE TO NEAREST WATER
SOURCE
6.
SLOPE
Tet an metres
0 - 50 (0-15.3)
1
Level
1
51 - 500 (15.4-152.5)
2
Gentle
2
501 - 1000 (152.6-304.9)
3
Rolling
3
1001 - 5000 (305.0-1524.1)
4
Moderately Steep
4
5001 + (1524.2 +)
5
Steep
5
T.
SOIL TEXTURE
B.
CONDITION
Sand
1
Destroyed
1
Sandy Loam
2
Partially Destroyed
2
Loam
3
Partially Disturbed
3
Clay Loam
4
Excavated
4
Clay
5
Pluck
6
39
9. CULTURAL AFFILIATION
Period
1
Culture or Stage
Archaic
I
Laurentian I
Initial Woodland
2
Early Ontario Iroquois -
2
5
ckerin
lOntario
Terminal Woodland
3
Middle Iroquois 3
Historic
4
Late Ontario Iroquois 4
Unknown
5
Historic Iroquois 5
1
2
Mississauga 6
A1Gt-8
1
Unknown
w Site EocatS data is
on file with
tic Histoeica3 sixes gm n
Ministry of Nabuwsl Resources, Queen's
,
Park, Torwato, Ontario.
B. SITE DATA FOR THE NORTH PICKERING PROJECT
WATER DISTANCE TO SOIL CULTURAL
SITE TYPE SIZE DRAINAGE SOURCE WATER SOURCE SLOPE TEXTURE CONDITION AFFILIATIOP
A1Gt-4
1
2
3
1
3
3
3
A1Gt-5
2
5
3
2
2
2
3
A1Gt-7
1
5
3
2
1
2
3
A1Gt-8
1
2
2
3
1
3
3
A1Gt-9
1
3
3
2
2
3
3
A1Gt-9
1
3
3
2
2
3
3
A1Gt-12
1
2
3
2
2
3
3
A1Gt-13
3
5
3
2
2
2
3
A1Gt-14
1
3
3
1
2
3
3
A1Gt-15
2
5
3
2
2
3
3
A1Gt-19
1
2
3
2
2
2
3
A1Gt-25
1
3
3
4
2
4
3
A1Gt-29
3
2
3
1
2
3
4
A1Gt-30
1
3
3
2
2
3
2
A1Gt-31
1
5
3
1
2
2
3
A1Gt-34
4
5
3
2
2
2
3
A1Gt-35
1
3
3
2
3
3
3
B. SITE DATA FOR THE NORTH PICKERING PROJECT (cont'E)
MATER DISTANCE TO SOIL CULTURAL
SITE TYPE SIZE DRAINAGE SOURCE NATER SOURCE SLOPE TEXTURE CONDITIOI AFFILIATION
A1Gt-36
1
3
Al Gt-37
4
5
A1Gt-38
3
5
Al Gt-39
4
5
ATGt-40
4
5
A1Gt-41
1
5
A1Gt-42
4
5
A1Gt-43
3
5
A1Gt-44
5
5
A1Gt-45
4
5
A1Gt-46
3
1
A1Gt-47
4
5
AIGt-48
3
1
A1Gt-49
5
5
A1Gt-50
3
1
A1Gt-51
4
5
A1GC52
4
5
A1Gt-53
4
5
A1Gt-54
4
1
A1Gt-55
2
1
A1Gt-56
4
5
Al Ot-5]
4
5
A1Gt-58
5
5
A1Gt-59
4
5
A1Gt-60
1
4
A1Gt-63
1
5
AIGs-1
1
2
A1Gs-5
1
2
A1Gs-6
1
3
A1Gs-13
2
i
Al GS -14
1
2
A1Gs-15
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
4
4
3
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2 3
2 3
4 3
2 3
4 3
4 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
4 3
4 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
1 3
3 3
3 3
2 3
m
Al Gs -17
3
5
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
1
A1Gs-18
1
5
3
1
2
3
3
2
3
I
Al Os -19
2
1
3
2
2
3
2
1
5
1
Al Ss -20
4
5
2
2
2
3
3
2
1
1
Al Ss -21
4
5
3
2
2
3
3
2
5
I
A1Gs-22
3
5
3
3
3
5
4
2
1
1
A1Gs-24
2
5
3
2
2
3
3
1
5
J
Al Gs -25
4
5
3
2
2
3
3
2
5
2
A1Gs-26
2
5
3
2
2
3
2
1
5
5
A1Gs-22
3
2
3
2
2
3
4
3
1
1
A1Gs-28
5
5
3
2
2
2
2
1
5
2
C. SITE DATA FOR THE ADJACENT AREA
WATER DISTANCE TO SOIL CULTURAL
SITE TYPE SIZE DRAINAGE SOURCE WATER SOURCE SLOPE TEXTURE CONDITION AFFILIATION
AlOt-51
4
5
3
2
3
2.
3
A1Gt-62
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
A1Gt-54
3
5
3
2
2
2
2
AIGs-3
3
1
3
2
2
2
2
A1Gs-10
1
3
3
2
2
3
2
A1Gs-11
1
5
2
2
2
3
2
A1Gs-23
1
3
3
2
2
3
3
A1Gs-29
2
5
3
2
3
3
2
A1Gs-30
2
5
3
2
2
3
2
Al Os -31
4
5
3
2
2
3
3
A1Gs-32
4
5
3
2
2
3
3
A1GS-33
4
5
3
2
2
3
3
AIGS-34
4
5
3
2
2
3
3
AkGs-5
2
1
3
3
2
4
1
AkGt-12
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
AkGt-18
1
5
3
2
2
3
3
Appendix III
Archaeological Sites that Require
Further Investigation
A1Gt-12
Sim Reesor Site
1
Al ft -13
Ken Reesor Site
1
A1Gt-14
Ken Reesor Site
11
All ft -28
Park Site
Hamlin Site
Al ft -38
Sim Reesor Site
11
Al ft -39
Reading Site
A1Gt-43
Bielby Site
A1Gt-57
Umin Site
A1Gs-22
Sime Site
AIM -41
W. Reesor Site
Al St -42
V. Taylor Site
Al GC -63
D. Reesor Site
A1Gs-17
Arentrong Site
A1Gs-18
Shea Site
Archaeological Sites Suitable for Prehistoric
Reconstruction and Interpretation
Al Gt-9
Sewell Site
Al ft -35
Burkholder Site 11
A1Gt-29
Ansell Site
AIGt-30
Fred Beare Site
A1Gt-36
New Site
Al St -60
Hamlin Site
A1Gs-27
Salgo Site
CFS
Archaeological Sites that Must
Be Preserved or Salvaged
A1Gt-8
Woodland Park Site
A1Gt-9
Sewell Site
A1Gt-19
Burkholder Site 1
A1Gt-29
Ansell Site
A1Gt-30
Fred Beare Site
Ai Gt-35
Burkholder Site II
AIGt-36
New Site
A1Gt-55
Pennock Site I
A1Gt-60
Hamlin Site
A1Gt-64
Smitham Site
A1Gs-3
A. Bunker Site
AiGs-22
Salgo Site
AkGs-5
Stable Burial Site
AkGt-17
Archie Little Site II
Bibliography
BORDEN, C.E. 1952
"A Uniform Site Designation Scheme
for Canada". Anthropology in British
Columbia, No. 3, 44-48.
DONALDSON, W.S. 1960
Archaeological, Research in the Rouge.
Unpublished Manuscript.
1961
"Archaeological Research in the Rouge"
Eastern States Archaeological
Federation Bulletin, No. 20, 11-12.
Trenton, New Jersey.
1962a
"Archaeological Research in the Rouge".
The Ontario Archaeolog9ical Society,
Series A, No. 5, 15-21. Toronto.
19621h
"The Reeser Site 11"
Arch Notre (Newsletter of the Ontario
Archaeological Society3, Vol. 62,
No. Z. p.4. Toronto.
1965
"Iroquoian DevelOWent in the Rouge
Watershed, Ontario. Part 1: The Elliott
Site". Ontario Archaeology, Series E,
No. 3, 19-38. Toronto.
EMERSON, J.N. 1954
The Archaeology of the Ontario Iroquois.
Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation.
University of Chicago.
1956
"Understanding Iroquois Pottery in
Ontario". Ontario Archaeological Society
Publication, No. 3. Toronto.
1968
"Understanding Iroquois Pottery in
Ontario - A Rethinking".
Ontario Archaeological Society
Special Publication. Toronto.
GARRAO, C. 1967
"The Borden Site Designation Scheme
Applied to Ontario". Ontario Archaeology,
No. 10, 64-71. Toronto.
1971
"Ontario Fluted Paint Survey". Ontario
Archaeology, No. 16, 3-18. Toronto.
HOFFMANN, D.W., 1962
"Soil Survey of Status County". Report
A.E. WICKLUND &
No. 29 of ti Ontario Soil Survey.
N.A. RICHARDS
Ontario Department of Agriculture.
Toronto.
KENYON. W.A. 1959
"A Late Woodland Site near Pickering".
In "New Pages of Prehistory, 1958",
ed. J.N. Emerson, Ontario Htistony,
Vol. LI, No. 1, 58-59. Toronto.
1950
"The Miller Site - 1959". in "New Pages
of Prehistory, 1959", ed. J.N. Emerson.
Ontario Bietory, Vol. LII, No. 1.
Toronto.
1967
"The Miller Site". Royal Ontario
Museum. Art and Archo py,
Oaccsiancl Paper 14. Toronto.
KONRAD, V.A. 1971
"The Archaeological Resources of
Metropolitan Toronto: Inventory
and Prospect". Department of Geography,
York University. Toronto.
1973
"The Archaeological Resources of the
Metropolitan Toronto Planning Area".
Department of Geography, York
University. Toronto.
MCGIMSEY, C.R. 1972
Public Archaeology. Seminar Press Inc.
New York.
MacLEOD, D.G. 1973
"Annual Review: Archaeology 72-73".
Historical Simon Branch Reeearsh Report
No. L. Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources. Toronto.
MacNEISH. R.S. 1952
"Iroquois Pottery Types: A Technique for
the Study of Iroquois Prehistory".
Nationi Museum of Cm oda Bullstin,
Mo. 124. Ottawa.
NOBLE, W.L. 1972
"One Hundred and Twenty-five Years of
Archaeology in the Canadian Provinces"
Carmdian Archaeologiml Association
Bulletin, No. 4. 1-78.
KID, C.S. 1973
ahs Boyer Site - A Pickering Brl
Village in Ontario County. Report
submitted to the Archaeological Survey
of Canada, National Museum of Man.
Ottawa.
RIDLEY, F.
1958
"The Boys and Barrie Sites". no
Ontario Archozoat � Z Society
Pubzi tion, No. 4, 18-42. Toronto.
WEBB, J.
1969
The S IR Oeauary. unpublished
Master of Philosophy thesis.
Department of Anthropology,
University of Toronto.
WRIGHT. J.V.
1960
"The Middleport Horizon".
Anthmpolcyica, Vol. 11, No, 1. Ottawa.
1962
"A Distributional Study of Some Archaic
Traits in Southern Ontario". Natianat
Museum of Ca+ Bulletin, No. 180.
Ottawa.
1966
"The Ontario Iroquois Tradition".
National Museum of Canada Bulletin,
No. 210. Ottawa.
1959
"A Program is Needed to Stop the
Destruction of Prehistoric Remains".
Science Porum, Vol. 2, No. 5. 12-24.
Toronto,
1972
Ontario Prehistory: An etevemtharsa ul-
yean arohaeologicaZ outline. Archaeological
Survey of Canada, National Museum of Man.
Ottawa.
47
PART II
The Draper Site White Pine Succession
on an Abandoned
Late Prehistoric Iroquoian Maize Field
Irene Bowman
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the following people for their interest
and assistance:
Nancy Day (Secretary, Operations and Information Section, Ministry
of Natural Resources) who translated a document into English
for me.
Dr. J.H. McAndrews (Associate Curator of Geology at the Royal Ontario
Museum, Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany at the
University of Toronto).
Donald MacLeod (Senior Archaeologist and Supervisor of Research,
Historical Sites Branch, Division of Parks, Ministry of Natural
Resources).
Bill Russell (Staff Archaeologist, Historical Sites Branch, Division
of Parks. Ministry of Natural Resources).
Irene Boxman
Contents
I. introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II. Physiography and clLmts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
III. Problems in Recanstrocting vegetation . . . . . . . .
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
IL Physiogravi5y and climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
III. Problems In Reconstructing Vegetation. . . . . . . . . 6
IV. Amounts of Missionaries and Surveyors . . . . . . . . 9
The Historical Evidence for Pine Stands
in Pickering Township. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
V. Signifigance of the Pine Stands. . . . . . . . . . . .16
VI. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
1. Early Settlement Of the site Locality. . . . . . . . .21
11. Effects of Environmental Deterioration
on Native Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Historical Accounts of Fishing . . . . . . . . . . .23
Historical Accounts of Game . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
BIBLIOGPAPHY
Y
List of Illustrations
Soil Map
Of ➢iapBi Site
Vicinity Sl ing Weetion of Fine Scn /
S
I ticn
of Vine StandS
in RalaVi= tO AtmMeoloylCal SStee
.II
Introduction
The area in which the Draper Site is located has changed con-
siderably in the five hundred years that have passed since it
was inhabited by late prehistoric Iroquoians. Most of this
change has, understandably, taken place since the early 1800's
when lumber companies and settlers first became established.
If we are to attempt to reconstruct the environment in which
these people existed, archaeological data and present biologi-
cal surveys will have to be supplemented with information from
the diaries of early missionaries, surveyors and settlers who
recorded something of its original state.
The nest detailed descriptions of vegetation patterns for this
area are to be found in the records of early surveyors who were
required to nuke notes on the soil, timber and water resources
within each lot. Where complete records have been preserved,
as in Markham Township, it has been possible to reconstruct the
maple -beech climax forest almost exactly as it was before Euro-
pean settlers left their imprint. In Pickering, detailed records
exist only for the southeastern quarter of the township. The
Draper Site is in the northwestern quarter. The only information
an vegetation in this part of the township which appears to have
survived is found in a document concerning white pine roasting
reserved for the Royal Navy which indicates the past existence of
a vast, even -aged pine stand situated immediately to the west of
the Draper Site. Smaller stands were located in other areas of
the township.
In areas where natural or human disturbances have taken place
the processes of succession can result in distinctive "gets -
w Additimml raaaer'ch might � mole mfornaticn on pra-
sct ieu mt vegetation in other amas of Pickerss Twnsbip.
tion patterns. The late prehistoric Iroquoian agriculturalists
would most certainly have disturbed their environment in clear-
ing and burning enough land to produce maize. the most important
Item in their diet. As has previously been indicated, the late
eighteenth century report on pine masting has indeed demonstrated
the occurrence of a striking vegetation pattern to the immediate
vicinity of the site. The possibility that the large, even-aged
pine stand adjacent to the Draper Site represents a stage in the
recolonization of the abandoned maize fields of the late prehis-
toric Iroquoian will be examined.
Physiography and Ornate
The habitation area of the Draper Site is located on a tract of
relatively infertile sandy loam overlying calcareous parent ma-
terial at the top of a stream valley incised by West Duffin Creek.
These soils are part of the Brighton series and are developed from
coarse textured outwash sands and gravels which are low in organic
matter (Olding, Wickland and Richards, 1950: 36-38). To the east
and northeast, on the opposite side of the creek, are the very
fertile clay loam soils of the Peel series which are developed
from lacustrine deposits overlying a clay till. To the west and
northwest are the fertile, loamy, imperfectly drained limestone
and sandstone derived tills of the Milliken series (Bluing, Wick-
lund and Richards, 1950: 34). All of the above series are in the
Grey -Brawn Podzolic Great Soil Group, antl all have a neutral sur-
face reaction. This is important since "podzols tend to be slightly
too acidic especially in the upper horizons" for growing maize
(Heidenreich, 1970: 268).
Of the three soil series. Milliken loam and Peel clay loam are at
present rated as good for the growing of ensilage corn. Brighton
sandy loams are rated as fair. Thus, two large areas of fertile
sails suitable for maize growing existed in close proximity to the
Draper Site. The soils of the Milliken series would have been
lighter and more easily worked with respect to late prehistoric
Iroquoian technology than would the heavier clay loams of the Peel
series. Brighton sandy loans, while rating as only fair cropland,
would also have been light and easy to cultivate. Soils of the
Brighton and Milliken series she re the advantage of warming earlier
in the spring than soils having a high clay content. This is im-
portant since maize "is one of the few annual crops that uses the
full frost -free peri ad 135 days in the South Slopes region to
complete its life cycle ..." (Brown. McKay and Chapman, 1968: 29).
Finally, to ensure accessibility to these two soil groups, which
were the most suitable for maize agriculture, the village was
located on the same side of the creek. Evidence from soil data
would, therefore, seem to point to the area of Milliken loams as
being most favourable in all respects for late prehistoric Iroquoian
agriculture. Not only were these soils fertile, but they would also
have been easy to cultivate and easily accessible to the village
inhabitants who worked in the fields (Figure 1).
The importance of a long growing season for maize has already been
discussed with respect to the capacities of different soil types for
we nnang in the spring. The growing season of Southern Ontario as e
whole is at present favourable for the growth of corn which is one of
the major field crops. In those areas where climate is moderated by
proximity to the Great Lakes, the autumn growing season is extended.
The climate of Southern Ontario, and therefore the length of the
growing season. is probably much the same today as it was at the
time of occupation of the Draper Site, five hundred years ago. In
fact, the present climate is probably more like the climate of five
hundred years ago than that of the period which intervened. Ladurie
(19]1: 225) noted that in other areas of the world "a multisecular
phase of glacial expansion ... was in full force from 1590 and d1d not
and, in the Alps, until after 1850." This climatic deterioration is
known as the "Little Ice Age" and my have had some influence on the
climate of Southern Ontario. Thus, the climate as wall as the soils
of the area in which the Draper Site is situated was favourable for
the cultivation of maize.
Figure 1.
s wv OF owru Art x NFFY SHO004D =4 DON OF PHE WAND
Problems in Reconstructing
Vegetation
The flora and fauna of the North Pickering a which the
Draper Site is situated, have changed considerably in the one
hundred and eighty years following European settlement.} The
lumber industry, which was responsible for most of the initial
changes, began its operations in the early 18M 's with the cut-
ting of white pine wasting for the Royal Navy. It was followed
by the square timber trade and later by sawmilling which catered
to the needs of settlers. After 1880, the total yearly output
of pine lumber in Ontario County began to decline rapidly - an
indication that the large stands were disappearing (R.O.H.P.,
1956: 111:6). The destruction of the forest by the lumber
industry was completed by the settlers, who in clearing their
land left only an occasional woodlot as a reminder of what had
once been.
It is obvious from the above that in attempting to reconstruct
vegetation on the basis of historical accounts, only those records
which date from pre -logging and pre -settlement times will be of
use. If inferences about still earlier time periods (i.e., the
period during which the site was occupied) are to be drawn from
this material, it must be remembered that climatic change and the
activities of the inhabitants of the village themselves would have
influenced the vegetation trends of the centuries which followed.
Thus, the forests described by surveyors in the 1190's would not
necessarily have been identical to the forests existing at the
time the Draper Site was occupied.
More specific information on vegetation existing at the time of
See Appendices I and I2.
village occupation can be ascertained from fossil pollen analysis.
Unfortunately, the sandy soils (Brighton sandy foams) of the Draper
Site are unsuitable for such studies because of the very poor con-
ditions for preservatian of pollen grains. However, the results of
studies performed on the varved sediments of Lake Ontario and
Crawford Lake by Or. J.H. McAndrews and M. Bayou are pertinent
to this discussion. Fossil maize pollen, which is not common
in lake sediments, is present in Crawford Lake sediments for the
interval 1290-1610 A.D. with the greatest concentration occurring
from 1370-1480 A.O. (Boyko, 1973: 12). The presence Of maize is
thought to represent Indian agriculture in the vicinity of the
lake over a period of three centuries. Cultivation of maize im-
plies that " ... forest clearance and tree percentages do drop a
little during the Indian period (Dr. McAndrews)" (Bol 1973:
12). Pollen cores taken from Lake Ontario have shown that
.., the age of the pine rise is 300 to 400 B.P." (McAndrews,
1971: 226). and a re-examination of Crawford Lake data has pushed
this date beck to 500 B.P. (McAndrews, personal communication).
These dates coincide roughly with the period of climatic deteri-
oration and also with the approximate time period during which
the stand of white pine adjacent to the Draper Site colonized;
(although the date of 500 B.P. given for the invasion of pine
around Crawford Lake precedes the onset of glacial expansion in
the Alps by about one hundred years). Thus. an increase in pine
pollen follows the disappearance of maize in the Crawford Lake
sediments.
It seems unlikely that white pine, which is horns fly found scat-
tered " ... throughout a large part of its geographical range ...
not in pure stands but in varying admixtures with hemlock and
hardwoods", would have been able to colonize on a large scale
without some catastrophe having first removed the maple -beech
climax forest which today predominates in undisturbed areas in
the vicinity of the site, and which probably was predominant at
the time of late prehistoric Iroquoian occupation (Nichols, 1935:
410). Studies by Lutz (1930) on an even -aged eastern white pine
forest in Pennsylvania, and Haberman (1935) on western white pine
succession in northern Idaho, have borne out the conclusion that
in these areas white pine is able to colonize on a large scale only
in the early stages of succession. Once the forest canopy has
closed over, the young pine growth " ...is
unable to endure the
conditions ... and dies out after reachinga height of less than
one foot ... " (Lutz, 1930: 16).
The fossil pollen record for Crawford Lake and Lake Ontario indi-
cates that three centuries of maize growing during the "Indian
period" were fell owed by a rise in pine. In deciding which agency
was responsible for this rise, it seems obvious that the clearing
Of land for agriculture created open areas which, once abandoned,
here colonized by pine. If we attempt to explain this phenomenon
through ether agencies Such as climatic change, problems arise.
Presumably any climatic change drastic enough to have destroyed
large areas of the maple-beech forest would also have destroyed the
white pine. A drier climate would have favoured the growth of pine,
but would not have been sufficiently radical to have allowed wide-
spread invasion. Although pollen analysis has not been possible
for the Draper Site, historical accounts of large pine stands may
allow us to make similar inferences about late prehistoric Iroquo-
ian agriculture. It is in this area of investigation that the early
descriptions have proved useful in determining the location of the
pine.
Accounts of Missionaries
and Surveyors
Frangois de Salignac-FEnelon, a Sulpician missionary, was one of
the first white men to record his impressions of the vegetation of
the Lake Ontario region. In a me air attributed to him dated 1670
he noted that " ... the lands which surround her [Lake Ontario] and
which are not covered with prairie. are covered with very beautiful
and very large trees, but those which one finds the most of are
pine and oak" (Yon, 1970: 152).
It is unfortunate that he was not more specific. Nevertheless. sur-
veyors' descriptions of a century later in Pickering and Markham
Townships (and elsewhere) have indicated the location of pine stands
occurring within the maple -beech forest. Perhaps the large numbers
of pine trees which Fenlon observed were in truth stands such as
these.'
The descriptions by early surveyors of the forests of Pickering and
Markham Townships have permitted a partial reconstruction of the
area before lagging and settlement. The records of Abraham Iredall
(1794) and another unknown surveyor (1801) indicate that the ori-
ginal forest of Markham Township was dominated by maple and beech
an good land with associated species of basswood, elm, ash, hemlock
and some pine. In low, sometimes swampy, areas cedar and ash were
found. Gibson, surveying in Markham to 1827, mentions black ash,
basswood and some hickory on low ground that is wet in spring and
fall (R.G.N.P., 1956: III. 1).
F€1vilon1a purpose do writdng his Ndmv m was to Paint a picture
Of r_-"_ that Would encoura s Fra ]r involvenant. In listing
the "advantages" to 4 found, he nay have exagg¢utsl to achieve
this eM. MAIL kinds of good woods" wind have been advantageous
for ^the sea industry ... ccsnva t and (for the develops t
of) ... a useful trading business ... " (Yon, 1970: 182).
The surviving records for the southeastern quarter of Pickering
Township are very detailed and the Particular associations of tree
Species occurring on certain types of soil have been noted. The
report and field notes of Augustus Jones (1791) of the First Con-
cession and Broken Front, and the field notes of William Namely
(1793) from a survey of Major Smith's Land in the southeast corner
of Pickering, have been very useful in distinguishing same of
these associations which included the following: maple, beech,
black oak, basswood, elm and birch on deep, rich soil; oak, pine
and maple on loose, good soil; pine and hemlock on loose, sandy
soil; hemlock on stoney soil; cedar on law, swampy ground; spruce
and tamarack on law, swampy ground; and ash an low wet ground.
The Hstorical Evidence fur Pere Stands
Occurring in Pid<ering Township
Perhaps the most interesting information on the pre -logging and
pre -settlement vegetation of Pickering Township is found in a
document entitled Report of .wstiwge mid other Ti ier fit for
the Use of the Royal Note, In the Township of Pickering, signed
by Augustus Jones, Deputy Surveyor, on the sixth of December,
1797. This report describes the girth at breast height, appar-
ent height and relative abundance of pine on a lot by lot basis.
Although the species of pine is not stated, it is evident that
the trees were eastern white pine (l s stratus L.). White
pine is the only eastern conifer attaining the heights described
by Jones. It was also favoured for masting timber because of the
long clean shafts of trees grown in closed stands. By plotting
out the areas heavily timbered with pine on a county map showing
lots and concessions, it has been possible to determine the ex-
act location of these great stands of pine (Figure 2).
In preparing this paper I have made the assumption that all large
white pine trees in Pickering Township were reserved for the Crown,
FgLn 2.
® .RE. I. mO I GREAT .REFS
MME'
. CONA NG 'p FEN TEES
a URAL NRw.Tux OF ORES
I ..T .M.NONM iMcuwv . UMNOWN
ON, O
IMAIMN T FIE SMANDS N MANN TO PNCKABD f Cp ROES
and were therefore recorded in Jones' Report. I have based this
assumption on information free several sources which indicates the
concern shown by the British Government over the protection of its
malting timber. In a letter dated October B, 1795, Acting Surveyor
Femoral D.M. Smith instructed Abraham Iredall that:
...certain Individuals have an intent of subverting
the Bounty of Government in the Grants of the Waste
Lands of the Crown. which have been solely and ex-
pressly intended for the purposes of Husbandry, and
...employ themselves in the Lumber Trade ... and
thereby Commit considerable waste of the White Pine,
which is generally reserved (Naps and Survey Records,
Letters Written No. 4: 1052-54).
In New England, where exploitation of the white pine had begun in
the early 160D's. the Crown attempted to discourage settlers from
cutting and wasting (or selling) these enormous trees. In a strongly
worded decree dated 1761 the royal governor was instructed to
insure the inclusion in all future land grants of a clause that
would:
reserve all white or other Sort of Pine Trees
fit for Masts, of the growth of 24 Inches Dia-
meter and upwards at 12 inches from the Earth,
to Us our Heirs and Successors, for the wasting
of our Royal Navy, and that no such Trees shall
be cut - without our licence - on Penalty of the
Forfeiture of such Grant, and of the Land so grant-
ed reverting to the Crown; and all Other Pains and
Penalties as are or shall be enjoined or inflicted
by any Act or Acts of Parliament passed in the
Kingdom of Great Britain (Peattie, 1948: 52).
Augustus Jones unknowingly left us a means of estimating the age
of the Pickering stands when he recorded the heights of the trees.
Although his height estimates were probably not totally accurate
when describing the apparent heights of trees on different lots and
concessions. he was sufficiently thorough as to distinguish between
trees 140, 150 or 160 feet tall (or higher). The age of the stand
immediately to the west and northwest of the Draper Site is of par-
ticular interest. The site itself occupies parts of lots 29 and 30,
concession VII in Pickering Township. Jones recorded that the area
immediately to the west of the site, lots 31 through 35. concession
VII, contained "a great many" trees having an apparent height of
140 feet (43 metres). In addition, to the northwest of the site,
lots 32 through 35 of concession VITT were covered with "a great
many trees" having apparent heights ranging from 140 to 160 feet
43 to 49 metres). "A few trees" of this description were recorded
on lots 30 and 31 of concession VIII, and lots 33 and 34 of con-
cession 1%. Another surveyor, whose name remains unknown, working
in Markham Township on the nineteenth of July, 1801, recorded a
few pine growing on lots 21 through 26 of concession X. These lots
abut against the timbered lets in concessions VII and VI11. Pick-
ering Township. The heights of these trees were not recorded. The
total acreage represented consists of about 1,800 acres (730 hec-
tares) containing "a great many" trees and about 2,000 acres (810
hectares) containing "a few trees".
It is clear from these records that the central portion of the
stand was heavily timbered while its perimeters, except to the
vicinity of the site, were sparsely timbered with pine. Beyond
the Perimeters of the stand, forest growth dominated by maple and
beech was described in Markham. No records for Pickering appear
to have survived for the rear concessions, but it is clear from
descriptions of adjacent Markham Township that the maple -beech
forest was unbroken.
The trees of this stand and others in the vicinity were removed
without any attempt to determine their age. Yet if we compare
their heights with the heights of pines from stands for which age
estimates have been made. we can assign them an approximate age.
Spalding, in 1899, compiled a Table of the Measurements of white
Pine grown under similar conditions, grouped in age classes for
averaging. One group of trees studied by him in Michigan from
"a two -roof grove. [with an] upper roof formed of White Pine.
[and an] under roof of Beech, Maple, Fir, and occasionally White
Birch and Hemlock ... " had attained an average height of 141 feet
(43 metres) when growing on brown, loamy, moderately loose sand
(Spalding, 1899: 92). These trees were found to have an average
age of 2543 years. If we assign an approximate age of 250 years to
the stand of 140 foot trees discovered to the crest of the Draper
Site in 1997. it follows that the stand began its growth in approx-
imately 1550. Some of the trees to the northwest of the site had
attained heights of 160 feet, according to Jones. Again, records
from a late nineteenth century white pine stand in Michigan indi-
cate an average age of 446 years for a "moderately dense grove of
White Pine intermixed with hardwoods and Wenlock, with occasional
Norway Pine, [growing on] brown loamy sand, medium fine grain[ed]
... loose, very deep, [and] well drained ... " (Spalding, 1899: 92).
The average height of the white pine in this stand was 157 feet
(41.9 metres). Perhaps the taller (160 foot) trees to the northwest
of the Draper Site were older than the 140 foot trees to the west
of the site. If Jones' height estimates were correct and if the
ages of these trees are comparable to the ages of trees of the
same height from nineteenth century Michigan pine stands, the
160 foot trees may have begun their growth as early as 1350.
It is also possible that differences in the composition of the
forest understary contributed to height differences in the Pick-
ering stands.
The height development of White Pine seems to
progress more rapidly when it grows mixed with
other species [such as Norway pine].
[This effect depends] ... upon the capacity of
the associated species to grew in height as well
as upon the time when the associated species are
either introduced among the pine or received by
it under their shelter (Spalding, 1899: 32).
Since Jones left no record of the associated tree species found in
the stands, it is impossible to come to any definite conclusion on
this matter, It seems unlikely, however, that this factor alone
would have resulted in a height difference of 20 feet between the
140 and the 160 feet trees.
It is true that locality influences the height growth of white pine
through variation in climate, soil and shade features. Spalding
was able to measure differences in the height growth of trees from
Pennsylvania, Maine, Wisconsin and Michigan resulting from environ-
mental influences. The Pennsylvania trees " ... started at a lower
rate than those in all other localities, but after the twentieth to
the twenty-fifth year they surpassed] all others." (Spalding, 1899:
33). This was attributed to early growth of the trees in mixture
with hemlock. The retarded growth of Maine and Wisconsin trees
(compared with Michigan trees) between the eightieth and ninetieth
year was attributed to poor sail and the effect of winds respect-
ively. However, the trees grown in Michigan " ... with its tempered
lake climate, present ... a most regular and persistent height curve,
coming nearest to the average of all locations." (Spalding, 1899: 33).
The age estimates for the Pickering pine stands have been based
upon height comparisons with nineteenth century Michigan trees for
which age determinations were made. The available evidence suggests
the validity of such a comparison on the basis of similar climate
and soil features. Both the Pickering and Michigan pine stands were
within the sphere of influence of the Great Lakes where white pine
makes its best growth. The soils which supported the Michigan trees
were described as brown, loamy, loose sands, while the Pickering trees
were found on Milliken loam which has a " ... fine crumb structure ..."
(Otding. Wicklund and Richards, 1950: 35). While the lack of detailed
evidence in Jones' Report makes error inevitable in this type of com-
parison, the general growth curve followed by white pine makes it un-
likely that this will be serious enough to affect the arguments pre-
sented here.
Significance of
the Pine Stands
Large. even -aged stands of white pine are not a normal element
of the maple -beech climax vegetation of southern Ontario. It has
already been established that young pine are not able to colonize
on a large scale under the heavy canopy which exists in this type
Of climax forest. The prerequisite for a large, even -aged stand
in an area where white pine nomra lly plays only a minor role,
therefore, would appear to be fire, or some other major disturb-
ance likely to have exposed a large area of land surface for col-
onization. Studies of large, even -aged stands of Pinus strobus L.
by Lutz (1930) and of Pinus mwntim Dc 1. by Haberman (1935)
have revealed evidence of fires from examinations of fire scars
on the annual rings of the trees themselves. Also from informa-
tion found in the accounts of seventeenth and eighteenth century
travellers and early settlers of fires set by the Indians "to fa-
cilitate hunting ... to encourage new growth of grass" or to cause
certain species of plants used for food to "renew themselves and
yield further crops" (Lutz, 1930: 18). Cooper (1961: 150) also
states that the American Indians 'often ... burned intentionally
- to drive game in hunting, as an offensive or defensive measure
in warfare, or merely to keep the forest open to travel."
In addition to eastern and western white pine, other species of
conifers whose seedlings have high light requirements are able
to colonize burnt -over areas. Douglas firs, for example, are
found in pure, even -aged stands only where forest fires have
"arrest[ed] the succession by creating openings in the forest
into which the light, winged seeds of Douglas firs can fly from
adjacent stands." As the old fir trees die, shade tolerant cedars
and hemlocks cane in to fill the gaps and in this way the climax
vegetation of the region is restored (Cooper, 1961: 151).
Historical records of the area to the west and northwest of the
Draper Site at the time of its colonization by pine are nonexistent,
and the pine trees themselves have long since disappeared. It is
only passible to speculate on the type of disturbance which might
have resulted in large scale colonization by pine. It seems
reasonable that this large, even -aged pine stand might repre-
sent an early stage of succession occurring on the abandoned
maize fields of the late prehistoric Iroquoian agriculturalists
who inhabited the adjacent village. This hypothesis is supported
by the fact that the time period during which the pine growth to
the west of the site began (c.1550) coincides roughly with the
time of abandonment of the village in the late fifteenth or early
sixteenth century. Janes' records also indicated that taller,
and possibly older trees* were found growing to the northwest of
the site along with trees of the same height (140 feet) as those
to the west of the Draper Site. It is impossible to tell whether
these trees, which had attained heights of 160 feet, were inter-
mixed with the shorter trees, or whether, as seems more likely,
they represented a separate, older stand. If this is the case,
an older maize field and Perhaps another site might have existed
to the northwest of the Draper Site. Another passibility is that
the Draper Site experienced an earlier occupation (Donald MacLeod,
personal communication).
Additional support for this hypothesis comes from soil data. The
greatest concentration of pine trees occurred in exactly that area
to the west and northwest of the site which is characterized by
Milliken loams (Figure 1). These soils, as described previously,
are good for the growing of ensilage corn, and because of their
loose texture would have been more suited to late prehistoric
Iroquoian agricultural techniques than would the heavy clay foams
of the Peel series. Who to pine also makes its best growth on fer-
tile, loamy soils such as those found in the Milliken series, but
* See page 14 for detailed de6cription.
the occurrence of a targe stand is somewhat unusual since "the
more tolerant species, particularly hardwoods, generally crowd out
the pines on richer soils" (&dell and Horton, 1960: 50). The above
Information increases the likelihood that large scale colonization
by pine in this location carts about as a result of the abandonment
Of maize fields by the inhabitants of the nearby village.
Another interesting feature regarding the pine stand adjacent to
the Draper Site is the area of land that it occupied. The stand
stretched approximately one and one-half miles (two and a half
kilometres) to the west of the site and about two miles (three and
a quarter kilometres) to the northwest. Heidenreich (1970), in
his calculations of the size of the maize fields of the largest
villages of Huronia - Cahiague, Ossossane and Tmnaustaye - has
surmised "that the Hurons did not wish to cultivate fields that
were more than about one and ane -half miles from their village"
(Heidenreich, 1970: 323). He reasons that by that time the nearest
fields would have become exhausted, and the protection of workers
in the far fields would also have became a problem (Heidenreich,
1970: 323). Thus, the area represented by the pine stand carre-
sponds closely with Heidenreich's estimate of the maximum size of
field practical for agriculture. However, despite general agree-
ment on the large size of the Draper Site (6 to 10 acres / 2.4 to
4.0 hectares) it will not be possible to estimate village maize
requirements until further excavations of longhouses allow some
kind of population estimate to be made. It is interesting to note
here that the White Site, which to date has yielded no evidence
of any kind of structures. lies within the boundaries of the area
mme occupied by the pine stand on parts of lot 33, concession VII.
Perhaps it was used as a maize husking station by women and child-
ren working in the fields.
The above information takes on even more meaning in view of the
existence Of other large, even -aged pine stands in Pickering Town-
ship to the south and southwest of the Draper Site. These stands,
some of which appear to have been older (c. 1300-1350 and 1450
according to height estimates) than thestand adjacent to the Draper
Site, were located in an area dotted with other late prehistoric
village sites. The correspondence between the location of some of
the pine stands and some of the village sites is indeed worthy of
note (Figure 2).
Perhaps when the cultural affiliations of sites discovered in the
vicinity during the summer of 1973 (Konrad and Ross. Part 1:
Research Report No. 4) are better known, the location and ages of
these pine stands might be useful in rounding out our picture of
agricultural activity in the area. The possibility also exists
that some of these areas were exposed by natural or Indian gen-
erated forest fires. but this cannot he determined without further
studies.
Summary
The data which have been presented to support the hypothesis that
the pine stand to the west and northwest of the Draper Site repre-
sents the area once covered by late prehistoric Iroquoian maize
fields may be summarized as follows:
1) Large. even -aged stands of white pine are not a normal ele-
ment of the maple -beech climax vegetation of the region.
2) The even -aged character of the trees (250 years) as determined
by height estimates made in 1]9] indicates that the stand be-
gan its growth around 1550. This is the approximate time
period following site abandonment in the late fifteenth or
early sixteenth century during which large scale colonization
by pine could have taken place.
3) The abandoned maize fields Of the late prehistoric lroquoians
would have satisfied the light requirements of white pine
seedlings which otherwise die out quickly under the canopy
of a maple -beech climax forest.
4) Fossil pollen analysis on the sediments of Lake Ontario and
Crawford Lake indicates a pine rise dating from 300 to 400
years before the present.
5) The soils which supported the greatest numbers of pine are at
present rated as good for the growing of ensilage corn. These
loose, loamy sails would have been amenable to late prehistoric
I requoian agricultural techniques, unlike the heavy clay soils
to the east and northeast of the site.
6) The area of land occupied by the pine stand corresponds rough-
ly with Heidenreich's estimates Of agricultural land require-
ments for some Of the larger villages in Huronia.
Appendix I
Ealy Settlement of the Site Locality
The specific location of the Draper Site is on parts of lots 29
and 30, concession VIII, Pickering Township. These two lots were
first settled in 1799 by Mary Ann Fleming and passed through sev-
eral ownerships until the 1840's when lot 29 was settled by Adam
Spears, a native of Scotland. He "established a sawmi it on the
stream running through the farm. Large quantities of lumber were
teemed from here to be shipped at Frenchmen's Bay" (Wood, 1911:
295). Later, in 1859, lots 30 and 31 of the same concession were
settled by William H. Burk. who came from Markham to Pickering.
He too built a sawmill on West Duffin Creek (Woad, 1911:228). It
Is evident that the site locality experienced many changes in the
first fifty years following settlement alone.
Appendix II
Effects of Environmental
Deterioration on Native Fauna
Large scale land clearing operations inevitably affect other as-
pects of the environment. Logging removes the natural habitats
of mammals and birds, thereby reducing their numbers. In addition,
the removal of timber affects stream life by increasing erosion and
by lowering the water table through increased evaporation from ex-
posed land surfaces. In 1911, William R. Wood commented that
... with the deforestation of the country the streams have dwin.
dled, and lake salmon come to Whitevale [on West Duffin Creek]
tables only by may of the canning factory." In the 1600's the same
species had been recorded "as far as the fifth concession ... in
Pickering Township ... " during the spawning season (Wood, 1911:
202-203).
Erosion has undesirable consequences for stream life in areas where
a marginal strip Of streamside vegetation has not been left to pre-
vent overland runoff from increasing sedimentation within the stream.
In the case of Duffin Creek, once known for its spectacular salmon
runs which earned it the French name of Riviere an saumon ,* increased
sedimentation from logging and clearing operations may have been one
of the factors resulting in the disappearance of the lake salmon.
Heavy silting buries fish eggs and reduces the amount of oxygen
available to the developing embryos, thus causing increased mortal-
ity. It reduces the number of food organisms and also the occurrence
of habitats required by both trout and salmon for spawning (James.
1956: 43; Burns, 1970: 7-8).
In addition to man's activities, natural agencies (the destruct-
ive capacities of which can be heightened by human modification
of the environment) have also acted in changing the character of
the streams of the area. After Hurricane Hazel, October 1954,
sections of the Rouge River and Highland Creek and parts of Duf-
fin Creek "which Were Cformerly) listed as silted or slow -flowing
may now be riffles and rapids; other sections which were rapids
are now turned into pools ... Bank erosion was very greatly accel-
erated" (R.D.H.P., 1956: V. 17).
Thus, the native fauna of the forests and streams in the vicinity
of the Draper Site have been as much obscured by lumbering, settle -
1 reme api on a nap dtwxm M Pierce Boucher de Be 11o4uerie
In 1757 (R.D.H. P., 1956: I, 11). The eerlier, INSIn mach of -
9in qua trik di qui ock - meanin& Pine wood along side - iw cited
by lvgushia Jones In a dxwrent mrtitjW Nmaes of PZacee, datec
July 4, 1790.
mant and natural events as have the forests themselves. Once again,
it is necessary to look to historical records for information.
Historical Accourts of Fishing
perhaps the most interesting description of fishing on Duffin Creek
and surrounding area comes from the Journal of Wing Rogers.
And when but a youth and up to manhood, and the early
part of my days, we cought hundreds and thousands of
Salmon in Duffinses Creek, that ran through my fathers
farm on the which we built a sawmill and grist mill,
and also they were cought in all the cricks and streams
on the north side of Lake Ontario that was large enough.
But as the fishermen increased, and the country became
cleared up, and mildams built. which prevented them from
growing up to spawn, besides all that nets and reins,
and the increase of navigation, on those waters (where
60 or 80 years before there was not a white man to be
sean) - doubtless this is the reason why they fated; and
also all kinds that had to spawn in the running waters
the salmon trout whitefish sturgeon herin pike and pick-
erell - and many more kinds live in the great water, the
mullets and suckers the beautiful little speckle trout
Eels run up the Creeks and also, ren contrive schemes
and plans even to draw them out of deep waters, and the
poor fish, like the Natives of Abnregines, are fast di-
minishing, for which I sorrowe (McNay, 1961: 183-195).
La Rochefoucault-Liancourt, in an earlier description of fishing
dating from 1795, mentions " ... the vast quantities of fish with
which the lakes abound, and especially of sturgeons in Lake Ontario
... (Fraser, 1916: 31-32). In an account of a fishing expedition
in the vicinity of the Niagara River and Lake, he recounts that:
Upwards of five hundred fish were caught. Among which
were about twenty-eight or thirty sturgeons, small
pikes. whitings, rock -fish, sun -fish, herrings, a sort
of carp ... salmon. trouts; in short, all the fish was
of a tolerable size. Middle sized fish are easily
caught by anglers an the banks of both the river and
the lake; they frequently catch more than their families
can consume in several days (Fraser, 1916: 49).
Historical Accounts of Game
In 1911, Ni Iliam Wood noted that "In the earl test quarter of the
nineteenth century wolves were to be met with and on into the
middle years bears were often seen" (Wood. 1911: 202). In 1882
an anonymous writer for P t reaque Cmmda described a portage
route that had once led up from the Whitby share "through a fam-
ous deer park ... (and on to) the bass fishing on Lakes Scugog
and Simcoe ..T" (Pi.ctlreeque Coach, ed. G.N. Grant, 1882: Vol.11,
624). Earlier still, in 1687, Count Denonville gave the following
description of a feast given for him at Ganatsekwyagon, a Seneca
village on the north shore of Lake Ontario at Frenchman's Bay,
after his flotilla returned from burning the Iroquois villages
of unbelievers on the south shore of the lake.
... we ... arrived at a place Ganatsekwyagon ...
We found them with two hundred deer they had
killed, a good share of which they gave to our
army. that thus profited by this fortunate chase
(Robinson, 1956: 56).
Finally, Fenelon, in his mhro a of 1670, left us with the fol-
lowing description of the lands around the St. Lawrence River in
the vicinity of the Bente Mission on the Bay of puinte.
The river is very abundant in fish and the lands
which surround her farther on are very fertile, and
they are still all covered in moose, stags, deer,
bear, beavers etc. (Yon. 1970: 152).
The above descriptions indicate that plentiful game was avail-
able at the time of European contact. However, attempts to draw
inferences about the distribution of fauna at the time of site
occupation encounter the same problems as those involved ine-
constructing vegetation patterns. The clearing of forest for agri-
Arotlose Tatham path "gvtably led north..axds up Dfffin's Geek"
(R.D.H.P., 1956: I, 54).
culture by the tate prehistoric Iroquoian$ would have destroyed
the habitats and reduced the numbers of many species. The abundance
of these species would presumably have increased after agricultural
activity in the area ceased. and after forest succession created
new habitats. Deer, on the other hand, would have benefitted from
land clearing, which in creating new areas for pasture would have
contributed to an increase in the population of this species. The
re-establishment of the climax forest on land once used for agri-
culture would have reduced their numbers. Thus, depending on the
type of forest cover at the time of contact, early European accounts
of wildlife nay or nay not he representative of the faunal compo-
sition of the general area during the period of its occupation by
late prehistoric iroquoians. fortunately, preserved faunal material
from the sites themselves provides a more complete record of the
animal species used for game.
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